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Oil industry Prepared by 10th grade student Eskalieva Almagul Supervisor Glukhova G.V.Slide 2
Oil Oil occupies a leading place in the global fuel and energy balance: its share in total energy consumption is 48%. In the future, this share will decrease due to the increasing use of nuclear and other types of energy, as well as increasing production costs. Due to the rapid development of the chemical and petrochemical industries in the world, the need for oil is increasing not only to increase the production of fuels and oils, but also as a source of valuable raw materials for the production of synthetic rubbers and fibers, plastics, surfactants, detergents, plasticizers, additives, dyes and others (more than 8% of global production). Among the starting materials obtained from oil for these industries, the most widely used are: paraffin hydrocarbons - methane, ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, hexanes, as well as high molecular weight (10-20 carbon atoms per molecule); naphthenic - cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbons - benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene; olefin and diolefin - ethylene, propylene, butadiene; acetylene. The depletion of oil resources, rising prices and other reasons have led to an intensive search for substitutes for liquid fuels.
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Development of oil refining The foundations of the study of oil were laid by the Russians and continued further by Soviet scientists. Thus, D.I. Mendeleev first drew attention to the fact that oil is the most important source of chemical raw materials, and not just fuel; He devoted a number of works to the origin and rational processing of oil. He owns the famous saying: “Burning oil is the same as drowning with banknotes.” The works of V.V. Markovnikov (80s of the 19th century), devoted to the study of the composition of oil, were of great importance; He discovered a new class of hydrocarbons in oil, which he called naphthenes, and studied the structure of many hydrocarbons. L.G. Gurvich, based on his research, developed the physical and chemical basis for the purification of oil and petroleum products and significantly improved the methods of its processing. Continuing the work of Markovnikov, N. D. Zelinsky developed in 1918 a catalytic method for producing gasoline from heavy oil residues. S. S. Nametkin worked in the field of petroleum chemistry for many years; he developed methods for determining the content of hydrocarbons of different classes in oil (determination of group composition) and indicated ways to increase the yield of petroleum products. V.G. Shukhov invented the world's first industrial installation for thermal cracking of oil, was the author of the project and the chief engineer of the construction of the first oil pipeline built in Russia (1878), and laid the foundations for the design of oil pipelines, oil storage facilities and oil refining equipment.
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Oil prices Oil prices, like any other commodity, are determined by the relationship between supply and demand. If supply falls, prices rise until demand equals supply. The peculiarity of oil, however, is that in the short term demand is inelastic: rising prices have little effect on demand. Therefore, even a small drop in oil supply leads to a sharp rise in prices. In the medium term (5-10 years) the situation is different. Rising oil prices force consumers to buy more fuel-efficient cars and companies to invest money in creating more fuel-efficient engines. New homes are built with improved thermal insulation, so less fuel is used to heat them. Due to this, a reduction in oil production leads to an increase in prices only in the first years, and then oil prices fall again. In the long term (decades), demand continuously increases due to an increase in the number of cars and similar equipment. Relatively recently, China and India became the world's largest oil consumers. In the 20th century, the growth in demand for oil was balanced by the discovery of new deposits, which made it possible to increase oil production. However, many believe that in the 21st century oil fields will exhaust themselves, and the disproportion between the demand for oil and its supply will lead to a sharp rise in prices - an oil crisis will occur. Some believe that the oil crisis has already begun, and the rise in prices in 2003-2007 is a sign of it.
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OPEC countries The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, abbreviated as OPEC (OPEC, The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a cartel created by oil-producing powers to stabilize oil prices. OPEC was created at a conference in Baghdad on September 10-14, 1960. Initially, the organization included Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. They were later joined by nine more: Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, UAE, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Angola. Currently, OPEC has 13 members. OPEC's headquarters were initially located in Geneva (Switzerland), then moved to Vienna (Austria). The goal of OPEC is to coordinate activities and develop a common policy regarding oil production among the member countries of the organization, maintaining stable oil prices, ensuring stable supplies of oil to consumers, and obtaining returns from investments in the oil industry. The energy and oil ministers of OPEC member states meet twice a year to assess the international oil market and forecast its development for the future. At these meetings, decisions are made on the actions that need to be taken to stabilize the market. Decisions on changes in oil production volumes in accordance with changes in market demand are made at OPEC conferences.
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Oil and the economy Oil plays an important role in the country's economy. The oil industry contributes on average 18% of taxes to the treasury. Only trade and public catering bring in larger quantities. In developing oil exporting countries, e.g. OPEC members, the oil industry provides about 40% of contributions to the state treasury. This is mainly due to the fact that many developed countries are forced to buy and import oil from abroad to meet their domestic needs.
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OJSC LUKOIL is one of the largest international vertically integrated oil and gas companies, providing 2.2% of world oil production
General information about the Company
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The Company's main activities are exploration and production of oil and gas, production of petroleum products and petrochemical products, as well as marketing of manufactured products.
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On November 25, 1991, Decree of the Government of the RSFSR No. 18 was issued on the creation of the oil concern LangepasUrayKogalymneft, which was subsequently transformed into the Open Joint Stock Company Oil Company LUKOIL. The name LUKOIL is formed from the initial letters of the names of the cities Langepas, Urai and Kogalym, in where the main oil production enterprises that are part of the Company are located. This name was proposed by RavilMaganov, who at that time was the general director of the Langepasneftegaz enterprise.
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The authorized capital of JSC LUKOIL was formed on November 17, 1992 “On the peculiarities of privatization and transformation into joint-stock companies of state-owned enterprises, production and scientific-production associations of the oil, oil refining industry and petroleum product supply.” On April 5, 1993, the open joint-stock company Oil Company LUKOIL was established. Vagit Alekperov was appointed President of the Company and Chairman of the Board of Directors. In the same year, the Consolidated Plan for the privatization of the company was approved, and the first issue of shares of OAO LUKOIL was registered.
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In 1994, the first privatization auctions and trading of Company shares on the secondary market began. In the same year, LUKOIL entered into its first international project - it acquired a 10% participation in the development of the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli oil field, the largest in the Azerbaijani sector of the Caspian Sea.
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On September 1, 1995, controlling stakes in nine oil production, marketing and service enterprises in Western Siberia, the Urals and the Volga region were transferred to the Company's authorized capital. In the same year, the American company AtlanticRichfield Company, which acquired 7.99% of the Company's shares, became a major shareholder of LUKOIL. In 1995, LUKOIL expanded the geography of its activities by entering into oil production projects in Egypt and Kazakhstan. In Russia, the Company began large-scale seismic surveys in the Northern and Middle Caspian Sea. Russian President Boris Yeltsin awarded the President of OJSC LUKOIL Vagit Alekperov the Order of Friendship for services to the state and great contribution to the development of the fuel and energy complex.
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LUKOIL and GAZPROM entered into a general agreement on strategic partnership for 2005-2014. In April 2005, the Company began gas production at the Nakhodkinskoye field. In mid-2005, LUKOIL was the first Russian oil company to begin producing clean diesel fuel of EURO-4 standard. The company released its first report on activities in the field of sustainable development. In April 2012, LUKOIL and ROSATOM entered into a strategic partnership agreement. LUKOIL expands its network of gas stations in Western Europe
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Relevance of the topic:
OAO LUKOIL covers all major areas and areas of modern oil business, including exploration and production of oil and gas, transportation, refining and sales of oil and petroleum products, and related activities. Companies of the LUKOIL Group carry out production, trading, financial and investment activities on 4 continents of the world. The Company's products are sold in more than 80 regions of the Russian Federation, Europe, Asia and the USA.
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Company Mission
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The company was created to harness the energy of natural resources for the benefit of people; to promote long-term economic growth and social stability in the regions where the Company operates; to promote prosperity and progress; to ensure the preservation of a favorable environment and rational use of natural resources; to ensure stable and long-term business growth; to transform LUKOIL into a leading global energy company . To be a reliable supplier of hydrocarbon resources in the global energy market Goals: LUKOIL considers its goal to create new value, maintain high profitability and stability of its business, provide shareholders with a high return on invested capital by increasing the value of the Company’s assets and paying cash dividends. To achieve these goals, LUKOIL will use all available opportunities, including further efforts to reduce costs, increase the efficiency of its operations, improve the quality of products and services provided, and the use of new advanced technologies
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Oil industry as one of the main polluters of the environment
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Purpose: to show the impact of the oil industry on the environment.
Objectives: 1. Characteristics of oil and petroleum products; 2. Find out the size of oil production in Russia; 3. Present the sources and causes of oil pollution; 4. Show the impact of oil on the world's oceans; 5. Find out the impact of oil and petroleum products on the soil; 6. Identify the influence of oil on the living world; 7. Present the direction of environmental protection measures.
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Oil is a rock. It belongs to the group of sedimentary rocks along with sands, clays, limestones, rock salt, etc. In terms of oil reserves, Russia is one of the top five countries in the world, and in terms of production it ranks 1-3. The environmental situation in the areas where thermal power plants and oil refineries are located is unfavorable.
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Main oil fields
Western Siberia Northern European Russia Volgograd Region
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Largest oil and gas provinces
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Russia has very large oil reserves. The richest oil fields are located in the Caucasus, along the shores of the Caspian Sea, in Siberia, and on distant Sakhalin.
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Oil production
Oil production occurs through boreholes secured with high-pressure steel pipes. To produce and lift oil and its accompanying gas and water to the surface, the well has a sealed system of lifting pipes, mechanisms and fittings designed to work with pressures comparable to reservoir pressures. The extraction of oil using drilling wells was preceded by primitive methods: collecting it on the surface of reservoirs, processing sandstone or limestone impregnated with oil using wells. Oil was extracted from wells in the ancient region between Assyria and Media in the 5th century BC using a rocker to which a leather bucket was tied.
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Oil production
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Industrial oil production dates back to 1859, when the well drilling technology developed by E. Drake was first used, which is still used today. But it is not possible to completely extract oil from the fields (65% is the maximum). Three main methods of oil production are used: Fountain - oil rises only under the influence of reservoir energy. Gas lift - compressed air is pumped into the well, which pushes the liquid to the surface. Pumping - lifting is carried out by pumps lowered into the well.
Floating drilling rig on the shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk
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Oil production in Tatarstan
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Drilling platforms
In Siberia
Shelf of the Caspian Sea
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Applications of oil
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Use of petroleum products as fuel
gasoline (cars, airplanes), naphtha (tractors), kerosene (missiles, jets), fuel oil (lube oils), etc.
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Application of petroleum products in the medical, pharmacological, perfume and food industries
Paraffin Cosmetology Medicine (aspirin, petroleum jelly, novocaine, vitamins, ammonia) Feed proteins (from Volgograd oil) Artificial mushrooms Artificial ginseng
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Environmental problems of using petroleum products
Oil pollutes the ocean during emergencies that occur on tankers, ruptures of offshore pipelines, and accidents on offshore drilling rigs. Every year, 2.5 million tons of oil are dumped into the ocean.
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Oil and petroleum products at the present stage are the main pollutants of inland waters, waters and seas. When they get into water bodies, they create various forms of pollution: an oil film floating on the water, petroleum products dissolved in water, etc. At the same time, the smell, taste, color, surface tension, viscosity of water change, the amount of oxygen decreases, harmful organic substances appear, the water becomes toxic properties and poses a threat not only to humans, but also to the inhabitants of water bodies.
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Oil spills kill marine mammals.
Oil sticks together the plumage, it loses its heat-insulating properties, and when trying to clean the feathers, birds swallow dirt and die, and, in addition, a bird stained with oil cannot swim. Birds freeze and drown. All hydrocarbons affect the cardiovascular system and blood counts; liver damage and disruption of the endocrine glands are also possible. Liquid oil has a great impact on the skin, causing dermatitis and eczema.
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The causes of pollution are, as a rule, gross violations of the technology of production, processing and distribution of oil and petroleum products and various emergency situations in which spills of oil, petroleum products and water containing oil occur.
- Providing the population and economy with all types of energy resources.
- Replenishment of the state budget through the export of energy resources.
Teaches. Guys, today we will continue to get acquainted with the fuel and energy complex of Russia.
The fuel and energy complex of our country faces two main tasks.
In terms of production of energy resources, the Russian fuel and energy complex ranks 2nd in the world after the USA, and in terms of domestic consumption - 3rd place after the USA and China.
Russia not only fully provides itself with fuel and energy resources, but also exports them in significant quantities.
The share of the fuel and energy complex in industrial production assets is 45.4%. , in employment - 2.7%, in exports - 54%.
QUESTION. So let's remember what is included in the fuel and energy complex?
Answer. The fuel and energy complex includes enterprises for the extraction and processing of all types of fuel and the production of electricity and its transportation.
Question. Is a fuel and energy balance compiled annually to take into account the total amount of fuel production and distribution among consumers?
The fuel and energy balance can be active or passive.
Question. What is active fuel balance?
Answer. An active fuel balance is when fuel production exceeds its use, accumulation occurs and the reserve is used for export.
Question. What if consumption exceeds production?
Answer. If consumption exceeds production, then a deficit arises, import of fuel raw materials is required, and this constitutes a passive fuel balance.
Question. Here we are talking about fuel. What is fuel anyway?
Answer. Fuel is a substance or several substances from which thermal energy can be obtained through a certain reaction.
Question. Or...
Answer. Fuel is a substance that is burned to produce heat and light and to generate energy. The combustion process is a chemical reaction.
Question. Today we will focus on the fuel industry, remember what sectors the fuel industry includes.
Answer. The fuel industry includes the extraction and processing of fuel resources.
The leading place in the fuel industry belongs to the oil, gas and coal industries
Question. Which regions of Russia are the main oil and gas producing areas?
(we list the areas)
Now let’s look specifically at each industry.
Presentation: Oil industry.
Presentation: Gas industry.
Presentation: Coal industry.
Problems of the fuel industry.
(after the report)
GUYS, What do you think are the ways to solve the problems of the fuel industry? I think that you and I will not be able to solve the problems of the fuel industry, but we can offer something for the future.
Ways to solve problems
Reconstruction of enterprises - replacement of old equipment with new ones
Application and introduction of new technologies.
Exploration of new fuel deposits
Development of the social sphere, that is, increasing wages and creating proper working conditions for workers in the fuel industry.
Increasing living standards.
Profitable sales of all types of fuel
Creation of treatment facilities.
Question. In our conditions, what way out of these problems can we do?
Question. Why do you think prices for gas and fuel industry products are rising so quickly?
TEST.
D/Z § 18.19.
View document contents
"Presentation "Fuel Industry""
Objective of the lesson:
- To form an idea of the leading sectors of the fuel industry - oil, gas, coal
Lesson objectives:
- Determine the composition of the fuel industry; identify the main fuel bases, promising areas for gas, oil, coal production, problems.
- To develop students’ skills in working with maps, statistical data, new information technologies, and the Internet.
- To instill in children love for their homeland, accuracy and speed in completing lesson tasks.
- Providing the population and economy with all types of energy resources
- Replenishment state budget through energy exports
Fuel industry
fuel production
resources
recycling
fuel
resources
- Oil
- Gas
- Coal
- Petrol
- Kerosene
- Fuel
- Diesel fuel
- Fuel oil
- For the manufacture of plastics
- Chemical fibers
- Polymers
- fountain
- pumping
Oil bases:
- West Siberian:
2 / 3 oil production
Samotlor, Surgut
- Volgo-Ural
1/4 of oil production
Romashkinskoye, Tuymazinskoye
- Offshore production
Caspian Sea
Barents Sea
Sea of Okhotsk
- Length - 48,000 km.
- Center of the oil pipeline system Almetyevsk
Oil product pipelines
Length-
Oil refineries (refineries)
- Placement in areas consuming petroleum products
- 80% of refineries are in the European part of the country
- Located in major cities of the country (Moscow, Ufa, Ryazan, Yaroslavl, Perm, Saratov, Kirishi)
“ Rosneft”, “Surgutneftegaz”, “LUKOIL”, etc.
- Oil is a non-renewable mineral
- Environmental pollution
- Export of crude oil (not economically profitable)
- Lack of modern equipment
- Replacement of an outdated oil pipeline
Gas – cheap type of fuel, least pollutes the environment
- 1st place in the world
- 160 trillion m³
- 45% of world reserves
- Ukraine
- Belarus
- Western Europe
- Baltic countries
- Türkiye
Gas bases:
- Western Siberia:
90% of gas production
Urengoyskoe,
Yamburgskoye
- Orenburg - Astrakhan
6% of gas production
Orenburgskoe,
Astrakhan
- Timan-Pechorskaya
1% of gas production
Shtokmanovskoe
Unified gas pipeline system
- Length
- 150,000 km
- Fuel for industry
- TPP
- Raw materials for ferrous metallurgy
- Raw materials for the chemical industry
- 2nd place – brown coal
- 6th place – hard coal
- 23% of world reserves
- 6 trillion tons
The coal industry of the Russian Federation is a complex of industries for the extraction, enrichment and processing of coal
Type of coal
Extraction methods
- Main pool
- Reserves 725 billion tons
- Disadvantage
- Lignite basin
- Low quality coal
- Providing thermal power plants
- Difficult climatic conditions
- Expensive extraction
- Largest in terms of reserves
- There is no mining!!!
- Expensive transportation
- Equipment modernization required
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Oil industry
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Oil occupies a leading place in the global fuel and energy balance: its share in total energy consumption is 48%. In the future, this share will decrease due to the increasing use of nuclear and other types of energy, as well as increasing production costs.
Due to the rapid development of the chemical and petrochemical industries in the world, the need for oil is increasing not only to increase the production of fuels and oils, but also as a source of valuable raw materials for the production of synthetic rubbers and fibers, plastics, surfactants, detergents, plasticizers, additives, dyes and others (more than 8% of global production). Among the starting materials obtained from oil for these industries, the most widely used are: paraffin hydrocarbons - methane, ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, hexanes, as well as high molecular weight (10-20 carbon atoms per molecule); naphthenic - cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbons - benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene; olefin and diolefin - ethylene, propylene, butadiene; acetylene. The depletion of oil resources, rising prices and other reasons have led to an intensive search for substitutes for liquid fuels.
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Proven oil reserves
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Oil refining development
The foundations of the study of oil were laid by the Russians and continued further by Soviet scientists. Thus, D.I. Mendeleev first drew attention to the fact that oil is the most important source of chemical raw materials, and not just fuel; He devoted a number of works to the origin and rational processing of oil. He owns the famous saying: “Burning oil is the same as drowning with banknotes.” The works of V.V. Markovnikov (80s of the 19th century), devoted to the study of the composition of oil, were of great importance; He discovered a new class of hydrocarbons in oil, which he called naphthenes, and studied the structure of many hydrocarbons. L.G. Gurvich, based on his research, developed the physical and chemical basis for the purification of oil and petroleum products and significantly improved the methods of its processing. Continuing the work of Markovnikov, N. D. Zelinsky developed in 1918 a catalytic method for producing gasoline from heavy oil residues. S. S. Nametkin worked in the field of petroleum chemistry for many years; he developed methods for determining the content of hydrocarbons of different classes in oil (determination of group composition) and indicated ways to increase the yield of petroleum products. V.G. Shukhov invented the world's first industrial installation for thermal cracking of oil, was the author of the project and the chief engineer of the construction of the first oil pipeline built in Russia (1878), and laid the foundations for the design of oil pipelines, oil storage facilities and oil refining equipment.
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Oil production in Russia
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Oil prices
Oil prices, like any other commodity, are determined by the relationship between supply and demand. If supply falls, prices rise until demand equals supply. The peculiarity of oil, however, is that in the short term demand is inelastic: rising prices have little effect on demand. Therefore, even a small drop in oil supply leads to a sharp rise in prices. In the medium term (5-10 years) the situation is different. Rising oil prices force consumers to buy more fuel-efficient cars and companies to invest money in creating more fuel-efficient engines. New homes are built with improved thermal insulation, so less fuel is used to heat them. Due to this, a reduction in oil production leads to an increase in prices only in the first years, and then oil prices fall again. In the long term (decades), demand continuously increases due to an increase in the number of cars and similar equipment. Relatively recently, China and India became the world's largest oil consumers. In the 20th century, the growth in demand for oil was balanced by the discovery of new deposits, which made it possible to increase oil production. However, many believe that in the 21st century oil fields will exhaust themselves, and the disproportion between the demand for oil and its supply will lead to a sharp rise in prices - an oil crisis will occur. Some believe that the oil crisis has already begun, and the rise in prices in 2003-2007 is a sign of it.
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Growth in global oil demand
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OPEC countries
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, abbreviated as OPEC, (OPEC, The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a cartel created by oil-producing powers to stabilize oil prices. OPEC was created at a conference in Baghdad on September 10-14, 1960. Initially, the organization included Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. They were later joined by nine more: Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, UAE, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Angola. Currently, OPEC has 13 members. OPEC's headquarters were initially located in Geneva (Switzerland), then moved to Vienna (Austria). The goal of OPEC is to coordinate activities and develop a common policy regarding oil production among the member countries of the organization, maintaining stable oil prices, ensuring stable supplies of oil to consumers, and obtaining returns from investments in the oil industry. The energy and oil ministers of OPEC member states meet twice a year to assess the international oil market and forecast its development for the future. At these meetings, decisions are made on the actions that need to be taken to stabilize the market. Decisions on changes in oil production volumes in accordance with changes in market demand are made at OPEC conferences.
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Largest oil exporters
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Largest oil importers
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Oil and economics
Oil plays an important role in the country's economy. The oil industry contributes on average 18% of taxes to the treasury. Only trade and public catering bring in larger quantities. In developing oil exporting countries, e.g. OPEC members, the oil industry provides about 40% of contributions to the state treasury. This is mainly due to the fact that many developed countries are forced to buy and import oil from abroad to meet their domestic needs.
