Declension of adjectives. Instrumental case in Polish (masculine and neuter) Instrumental case in Polish

Plural

Singular endings

Masculine and neuter

Nominative

Endings -y, -i, -e .

End -y acquire adjectives masculine with a base on a hard, hardened consonant and ch (dobr y "good, kind" obc y "stranger", głuch y "deaf").

End -i have masculine adjectives with a base on a soft consonant and g, k (ostatn i "last", miękk i "soft"); in the future, all forms of the masculine and neuter gender will be formed from the base to soft g, k , which is indicated in writing using a vowel -i- .

All neuter adjectives have an ending -e .

Genitive

End -ego (now ego , mięki ego ).

Dative

End -emu (obc emu , drogi emu ).

Accusative case

For animate adjectives, the masculine gender coincides with the genitive case, for inanimate adjectives - with the nominative case. For adjectives, the neuter gender always coincides with the nominative case.

Instrumental and prepositional case

Endings -im (ostatn im ) in the case of a soft base and -ym (dobr ym ) in the case of a solid base.

Feminine

Nominative

End -A (now a ).

Genitive, dative, prepositional cases

End -ej (obc ej ). Adjectives on g, k form these shapes from a soft base ( ostatni ej ).

Accusative and instrumental case

The declension of feminine nouns has the most uniform endings. The same ending is also found in the accusative and instrumental cases. -ą (drog ą ). Adjectives on g, k form these shapes from a solid base.

Plural endings

Nominative

In this case, personal-masculine and impersonal-masculine forms are distinguished. Adjectives can have endings -i, -y, -e .

End -i found in personal-masculine forms with a base on a hard consonant, and the following alternations occur:

End -i they also acquire personal-masculine forms with a base on a soft consonant, while there are no alternations ( ostatni gość - ostatn i goście).

End -y have personally masculine forms with a basis on g,k,r , the following alternations occur:

End -y also acquire personally masculine forms with a base on a hardened consonant (except ż, sz, rz ), while there are no alternations ( obcy człowiek"stranger" - obc y ludzie).

End -e occurs in non-personal masculine forms, while alternations do not occur, g, k - soft. Formally, these forms coincide with the form of the nominative singular neuter ( wolne miejsca"vacant seats" wolne miejsce"free space")

Genitive and prepositional cases

-ych (now ych , stanowcz ych "positive" g, k - -ich (głup ich "stupid" wysok ich "high")

Dative

For adjectives with a base on a hard and hardened consonant - the ending -ym (now ym , stanowcz ym ), with a base on the soft and posterior lingual g, k - -im (głup im , wysok im ).

Accusative case

The personal-masculine form of the adjective coincides with the genitive case, and the impersonal-masculine form coincides with the impersonal-masculine form of the nominative case.

Instrumental case

For adjectives with a base on a hard and hardened consonant - the ending -ymi (now ymi , stanowcz ymi ), with a base on the soft and posterior lingual g, k - -imi (głup imi , wysok imi ).

Following the pattern of declension of adjectives, they are declined:

1) forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives;

2) pronouns changing by gender;

3) ordinal numbers;

4) some nouns. These include:

• male and female surnames with suffixes -sk- And -ck- (Kowalski - Kowalskiego; Kowalska - Kowalskiej, Konwicki - Konwickiego; Konwicka - Konwickiej);
• female surnames and common nouns with suffix -ow- (Orzeszkowa - Orzeszkowej; bratowa - bratowej);
• surnames of foreign origin and given names -e, -i, -y (Linde - Lindego, Anthony - Anthony, Batory - Batorego);
• adjectives that have become nouns ( myśliwy"hunter" - myśliwego, służący"servant" - służącego);
• geographical names that are adjectives in origin ( Sucha - Suchej, Biała - Białej, Zakopane - Zakopanego).

The instrumental case is often studied first, because without knowing the correct endings we cannot talk about ourselves in Polish. If in Russian it is enough for us to use a construction with the nominative case (for example, I am a student), then in Polish you cannot do without the instrumental case. We have to say : jestem studentem/ studentką .

Instrumental case of nouns (Narzędnik rzeczowników)

Nouns in the instrumental case answer the questions: By whom? How?

All words in plural have the same ending as in Russian - ami:kolegami(colleagues) , có rkami(daughters) , jabł kami(apples). The difference is only in the stress: in Russian it falls on the root of the word, and in Polish – on the ending (on the letter A).

However, some words have a special form in the instrumental plural. These need to be remembered:

Brat-braćmi(brother-brothers);

Dziecko-dziećmi(child-children);

Ludzie-ludźmi(people-people);

Koń-końmi(horse-horse);

Przyjaciel-przyjaciółmi(friend-friends);

Liść-liśćmi(leaf-leaves);

Kość- kość mi(bone-bones);

Ksią dz-księż mi(priests-priests);

Pieniędzy-pieniędzmi(money-money).

Singular There are some differences in noun endings that you should pay attention to.

Ending -em We write in neuter nouns, as well as in masculine words, except for those that end in - in the nominative case. a. For example:

Student-studentem(student-student);

Mathematyk-matematyki em(mathematician-mathematician);

Pole-polem(field-field);

Filolog-filologi em(philologist-philologist);

Dziecko-dziecki em(child-child).

Remember! Neuter words in - um (muzeum) in the singular do not change.

If the stem of a word ends in k or g, then before the end you need to add a letter i to soften these consonant sounds.

Ending - ą We write in all feminine words, as well as in masculine nouns that end in a vowel in the nominative case - a:

Matka-matką (mom-mom);

Pani-panią (woman-woman);

Mapa-mapą (card-card);

Kierowca-kierowcą (driver-driver);

Mysz-myszą (mouse-mouse).

Alternations and fluent vowels

When forming instrumental case forms in the root of a word, some changes may occur. So, if in masculine words ending in a consonant there is a combination in the nominative case - ie, then in the instrumental case it often falls out: pie s-psem, ogień- ogniem.

If the last closed syllable has a vowel ó , then in the instrumental case it changes to O, since this syllable becomes open: stó ł- stoł em, wybó r-wybo rem.

If a word of any of the three genders in the nominative case ends in soft - ś, -ć, -ń, -ź , then the softness of these sounds must be preserved by adding the letter - i before finishing: koń- koni em, gwóź dź- gwoź dzi em, radość- radoś cią .

For neuter words that end in - ę when forming the instrumental case form before the ending - em the so-called increment is added (- ci- or - ni-). At the same time, in some words the final nasal is retained, while in others a vowel appears in its place e. For example:

Cielę- cielę ciem(calf-calf);

Plemię- plemie niem(tribe-tribe).

Instrumental case of adjectives (Narzędnik przymiotników)

Adjectives (as well as numerals and pronouns) in the instrumental case answer the questions: Which one? Which? Whose? Whose?

In the plural, the endings are exactly the same as in Russian: - ymi– if the stem of the word ends with a hard and hardened sound and – imi– if the base ends in soft (+ k, g). For example:

Dobry-dobrymi(good-good);

Gorzki-gorzkimi(bitter-bitter).

There are two endings in the singular: - ą or - ym (-im).

Ending - ą have feminine adjectives:

Gorzka-gorzką (bitter-bitter);

Biał a-białą (white-white).

Ending -ym we write in masculine and neuter adjectives, the stem of which ends in a hard or hardened consonant (in the masculine nominative case they have the ending - y), A - im – if it ends in soft, k or g(in I.p.m.r. these words end in - i):

Zielony-zielonym(green-green);

Niski-niskim(low-low);

Dł ugie-dł ugim(long-long);

Prawdziwe-prawdziwym(present-present).

Features of the use of the instrumental case in Polish

Please pay attention to the following offers:

1. Piotr Adamczyk best przystojnym męż czyzną – Piotr Adamczyk is a handsome man. In the Polish version, the adjective and noun are in instrumental case.

1. Piotr Adamczyk best przystojny– Piotr Adamczyk is handsome. The adjective is used in nominative case.

1. Piotr Adamczyk to best przystojny mężczyzna– Piotr Adamczyk is a handsome man. The adjective and noun are in nominative case.

How to figure out: when to use the instrumental and when the nominative case? It's quite simple.

If after the verb be(in our example this is the form best) is a noun together with an adjective, then both of these words must be in the instrumental case. If after the verb be If there is only an adjective, then it must be used in the nominative case (as in the second sentence). And if after the verb be there is both an adjective and a noun, but before the form best worth the word to(this), then the adjective and noun are used in the nominative case.

Narzę dnik.

First, let's remember that Narzę dnik (in Russian - Instrumental case) answers the question by whom? how? – kym? czym? and is very similar to a prepositional one, which, however, is worth talking about separately.

Feminine

Let's start with singular. Everything is completely simple here. All we need to do:

a) this is to change the ending -A, on –ą , if the feminine noun ends in -A.

pewna piękna kobieta – Dziś wieczorem idziemy do kina z pewną piękną kobietą.

nowa książka – Jestem bardzo zachwycony nową książką tego polskiego piszarza.

b) if the original word has the ending –і (not that common), then our task is simply to add - ą.

gospodyni domowa – Spotkałem w centrum handlowym z gospodynią domową, ktorą poznałem w zeszłym tygodniu.

c) if our feminine word ends with a consonant, for example. noc - just add –ą.

ciemna noc – Ciemną nocą źle widać czarnego kota.

nasza młodzież – Z naszą młodzieżą czasem jest bardzo ciężko.

Practical advice: In practice, you need to remember one thing - the instrumental case of the feminine singular is formed by adding the ending to the word – ą. In fact, you may not even have a very good understanding of points a), b) and c). Practice shows that if you do this incorrectly, you have virtually no chance. The relationship between Russian (Ukrainian, Belarusian) and Polish practically eliminates mistakes if you remember that the ending should be - ą .

2. Regarding plural, then this is a trivial matter, because it absolutely repeats the Russian language. Compare:

młoda studentka – young student młod ymi student ami- young them student ami

However, there is still a difference, and it is in the stress (let me remind you that in Polish the stress almost always falls on the penultimate syllable). That is why often the same Polish and Russian words of the feminine gender in the plural instrumental case can sound so unusual that it is difficult to recognize them:

młod ymi student ami- young them studio e ntk ami biał ymi noc ami – b e l them night ami

The instrumental case is often studied first, because without knowing the correct endings we cannot talk about ourselves in Polish. If in Russian it is enough for us to use a construction with the nominative case (for example, I am a student), then in Polish you cannot do without the instrumental case. We have to say : jestem studentem/ studentką .

Instrumental case of nouns (Narzędnik rzeczowników)

Nouns in the instrumental case answer the questions: By whom? How?

All words plural have the same ending as in Russian - ami:kolegami(colleagues) , có rkami(daughters) , jabł kami(apples). The difference is only in the stress: in Russian it falls on the root of the word, and in Polish – on the ending (on the letter A).

However, some words have a special form in the instrumental plural. These need to be remembered:

Brat-braćmi(brother-brothers);

Dziecko-dziećmi(child-children);

Ludzie-ludźmi(people-people);

Koń-końmi(horse-horse);

Przyjaciel-przyjaciółmi(friend-friends);

Liść-liśćmi(leaf-leaves);

Kość- kość mi(bone-bones);

Ksią dz-księż mi(priests-priests);

Pieniędzy-pieniędzmi(money-money).

Singular There are some differences in noun endings that you should pay attention to.

Ending -em We write in neuter nouns, as well as in masculine words, except for those that end in - in the nominative case. a. For example:

Student-studentem(student-student);

Mathematyk-matematyki em(mathematician-mathematician);

Pole-polem(field-field);

Filolog-filologi em(philologist-philologist);

Dziecko-dziecki em(child-child).

Remember! Neuter words in - um (muzeum) in the singular do not change.

If the stem of a word ends in k or g, then before the end you need to add a letter i to soften these consonant sounds.

Ending - ą We write in all feminine words, as well as in masculine nouns that end in a vowel in the nominative case - a:

Matka-matką (mom-mom);

Pani-panią (woman-woman);

Mapa-mapą (card-card);

Kierowca-kierowcą (driver-driver);

Mysz-myszą (mouse-mouse).

Alternations and fluent vowels

When forming instrumental case forms in the root of a word, some changes may occur. So, if in masculine words ending in a consonant there is a combination in the nominative case - ie, then in the instrumental case it often falls out: pie s-psem, ogień- ogniem.

If the last closed syllable has a vowel ó , then in the instrumental case it changes to O, since this syllable becomes open: stó ł- stoł em, wybó r-wybo rem.

If a word of any of the three genders in the nominative case ends in soft - ś, -ć, -ń, -ź , then the softness of these sounds must be preserved by adding the letter - i before finishing: koń- koni em, gwóź dź- gwoź dzi em, radość- radoś cią .

For neuter words that end in - ę when forming the instrumental case form before the ending - em the so-called increment is added (- ci- or - ni-). At the same time, in some words the final nasal is retained, while in others a vowel appears in its place e. For example:

Cielę- cielę ciem(calf-calf);

Plemię- plemie niem(tribe-tribe).

Instrumental case of adjectives (Narzędnik przymiotników)

Adjectives (as well as numerals and pronouns) in the instrumental case answer the questions: Which one? Which? Whose? Whose?

In the plural, the endings are exactly the same as in Russian: - ymi– if the stem of the word ends with a hard and hardened sound and – imi– if the base ends in soft (+ k, g). For example:

Dobry-dobrymi(good-good);

Gorzki-gorzkimi(bitter-bitter).

There are two endings in the singular: - ą or - ym (-im).

Ending - ą have feminine adjectives:

Gorzka-gorzką (bitter-bitter);

Biał a-białą (white-white).

Ending -ym we write in masculine and neuter adjectives, the stem of which ends in a hard or hardened consonant (in the masculine nominative case they have the ending - y), A - im – if it ends in soft, k or g(in I.p.m.r. these words end in - i):

Zielony-zielonym(green-green);

Niski-niskim(low-low);

Dł ugie-dł ugim(long-long);

Prawdziwe-prawdziwym(present-present).

Features of the use of the instrumental case in Polish

Please pay attention to the following offers:

1. Piotr Adamczyk best przystojnym męż czyzną – Piotr Adamczyk is a handsome man. In the Polish version, the adjective and noun are in instrumental case.

1. Piotr Adamczyk best przystojny– Piotr Adamczyk is handsome. The adjective is used in nominative case.

1. Piotr Adamczyk to best przystojny mężczyzna– Piotr Adamczyk is a handsome man. The adjective and noun are in nominative case.

How to figure out: when to use the instrumental and when the nominative case? It's quite simple.

If after the verb be(in our example this is the form best) is a noun together with an adjective, then both of these words must be in the instrumental case. If after the verb be If there is only an adjective, then it must be used in the nominative case (as in the second sentence). And if after the verb be there is both an adjective and a noun, but before the form best worth the word to(this), then the adjective and noun are used in the nominative case.