Plural in Czech. Czech language: origin, dialects, basic rules

To nouns masculine in Czech there are nouns that end in:

• hard consonant: brambor, pilot, dům, pes
• to a soft consonant: nůž, konec, boj, kříž
• some animate nouns ending in a vowel: neposeda, přednosta, škůdce, soudce

The masculine gender in Czech is divided into animate And inanimate nouns This affects the endings of nouns when we work with cases. Feminine and average are not divided into animate and inanimate.

Plural. Animated

Following the example of the word pan– pan ové(pán i) the words will be declined: syn, právník, lev, student, president, voják.

Following the example of the word muž– muž ové(muž i) the words will be declined: ředitel, držitel, uklízeč, cizinec, rodič.

Following the example of the word předseda– předsed ové the words will be inclined: bandita, starosta, kolega, hrdina, policista.

Following the example of the word soudce–soudc ové(soudc i) the words will be declined: správce, dárce, zrádce, vládce, průvodce.

Following the example of the word Jiří– Jiř í the words will be inclined: krejčí, průvodčí, vedoucí, výpravčí, dozorčí.

It may be noted that the plural in the case "Who? What?" we got by adding the ending to the word -ové or -i.

Plural. Inanimate

Following the example of the word hrad the words will be inclined: most, strom, obchod, pas, stůl, balkon.

Following the example of the word stroj the words will be inclined: počítač, cíl, míč, klíč, čaj, měsíc.

Now, in order to use our time even more rationally, we will put an adjective in front of these nouns in these three cases and see what endings it takes.

Inanimate masculine nouns in the plural are characterized by the ending -é : strom y(trees) jsou mlad é (young) .

Animate masculine nouns in the plural are characterized by the ending -í : muž i(men) jsou mlad í (young) .

From the topic Adjectives in Czech. Masculine. The singular number we know that in the Czech language there is also the so-called. "soft adjective"– it is characterized by a soft ending -í .

The most commonly used adjectives of this group are: mobilní, právní, cizí, krajní, denní, noční, místní, lokální, státní, poslední, finanční, ostatní, první, třetí.

Soft adjectives are not inflected for number or gender.

So, in order to distinguish by what type we need to decline an adjective in the plural, we need to put the adjective from the plural into the singular - soft adjectives will remain with the ending -í , and the solids in the singular will receive their characteristic -ý .

You can double-check yourself on any word in the Czech language on the website slovnik.seznam.cz.

With adjectives everything is very simple.
We enter them into our tables and get:

Declension of nouns "days", "people", "guests"– frequently used words in the Czech language:

In the masculine plural in Czech adjectives, in addition to endings, you need to pay attention to the changes in letters in the word itself:

Similar endings:

As in Russian, cases correspond to different prepositions.

Whom? What? (Genitiv = 2. pád)

od– odcházím od kamarádů (I'm leaving my friends)
do– do lesů (to the forest), nastupujte do vozů (go into the cars)
bez– bez partnerů (without partners)
krom(ě)– kromě manželů (except for husbands)
misto– místo rublů vezmi dolary (use dollars instead of rubles)
suble– suble zákonů (according to laws)
podel / kolem– kolem hradů (around fortresses)
about– okolo zámků (near/around the castles)
u– u domů (near houses)
vedle– zastávky vedle obchodů (stops near shops)
během– během vikendů (during weekends/weekends)
help– pomocí šroubováků (using screwdrivers)
za– za starých časů (in the old days)

Whom? What? (Akuzativ = 4. pád)

pro– dárky pro muže (gifts for men)
před– dej stoly před televizi (place tables in front of the TV)
mimo – (past, outside of something, except, besides someone / something, besides, on top of something)– ochrana dřevin rostoucích mimo lesy (protection of trees growing outside the forest), mimo soudy (not for ships)
na– pověste oblečení na věšáky (hang clothes on hangers)
pod(e)– všechno padá pod stoly (everything falls under the tables)
o– zvýšit o 2 stupně (increase by 2 levels), boje o poháry (fights for cups)
po– jsem po kotníky ve vodě (I’m up to my ankles (ankle - m. r.) in the water)
v– věřit v zákony (believe in laws)

The Czech language is the sixty-sixth most spoken language in the world. Twelve million people consider it their native language, and hundreds of thousands of students study it as a second foreign language. Czech is part of the group of Slavic languages ​​- conversations in Czech become understandable to a Russian-speaking tourist almost immediately after arriving in the country. Despite its overall clarity, the Czech language has grammatical subtleties, complexities and exceptions that are worth knowing in order to master it perfectly.

How the Czech language developed

Before traveling to the Czech Republic, most tourists are interested in what language the citizens of this country speak. From the Middle Ages until now state language The Czech Republic is officially considered Czech.

There are three periods of formation of the Czech language: ancient, old and modern Czech.

Until the beginning of the 10th century, there was no written language in the Czech language. For the first time, Czech words and phrases begin to appear in German literary works and books in Latin at the beginning of the 13th century.

Full-fledged books in Czech appeared in the first half of the 15th century, when a Czech grammar was published in Prague. During the same period, a proposal appeared to introduce foreign diacritics into the writing of Czech words, which would convey sounds in writing that have no analogues in the Latin alphabet. This prescription was accepted, but only in the 16th century was it possible to forever supplant digraphic letter combinations that convey sound by writing several letters.

Czech writing served as the basis for Slovak, which was formed much later. The Czech alphabet was also used to try to latinize some Slavic languages: Russian, Ukrainian, Croatian, Belarusian.

Dialects in official language four stand out:

• Czech dialects;
• Central Moravian dialects;
• North Moravian dialects (also known as Silesian);
• Slovak dialects.

The Latin alphabet is used to express in writing the features of all four dialects of Czech.

The Czech language is also divided into literary, bookish, spoken and general Czech. Most local residents use the common Czech language. The basis of the literary language is considered to be the colloquial Central Czech dialect, which belongs to the interdialects of the central part of the country.

Basic rules of Czech grammar and syntax

The rules defining this national language are highlighted, which distinguish it from other representatives of the Slavic group.

• The language includes ten phonemes, differing in length, consonants are divided into voiceless and voiced.
• The stress always falls on the first syllable of a word, this also applies to combinations of nouns with prepositions (for example, “ˈdo Prahy” - “to Prague”, “ˈdo nás” - “to us”).
• There are only two numbers - singular and plural, and seven cases, which coincide with Russian cases.
• Nouns are inflected according to gender, adjectives - according to hard and soft types.
• Numerals are assigned five main categories according to their lexical meaning.
• There are ten types of pronouns, and in colloquial speech their short forms are often used.
• As for verbs, there are perfect and imperfect forms, which form four tenses - present, past, future and infinitive.
• Regular verbs are declined according to the general rules of five separate classes, while irregular verbs belong to the group of exceptions and require memorization.
• The order of words in sentences is determined by meaning. At the end of the sentence is placed the noun or verb that is worth emphasizing. For example, the sentence: “Danylo miluje Anju” (Danilo loves Anya) conveys who Danilo loves, and the sentence: “Anju miluje Danylo” (Anya loves Danilo) conveys who loves Anya.

Despite the similar phonetics of the Russian and Czech languages, some phrases in Czech sound incredibly comical to Russian speakers. For example, “shark” will sound like “zhrapok”, “theater” - “divadlo”, “bachelor” - “baby”. The Czechs will call an airplane “letadlo”, a persimmon – “kaki”, and a cucumber – “butt”.

There are also false friends of the translator - words that, although they sound the same, have antonymic meanings. These include the word “čerstvý”, which means “fresh” in Czech, “ovoce”, which translates to fruit, and “úžasný”, which conveys strong admiration.

Also, for the Russian ear, Czech is unusual in words with a large number of consonants in one word or at the junction of words. For example, the word "čtvrthrst", meaning "quarter of a handful", consists of ten consonant letters.

One of the most famous "consonant" sentences in Czech is "Strč prst skrz krk", which translates to "put your finger down your throat". This sentence is included in all textbooks and tutorials as a textbook example of the phonetic rigidity of the Czech language. This is one of the few languages ​​in the world that uses such sound combinations.

Basics of the Czech language for tourists

Despite belonging to the same Slavic language group, Russian and Czech differ significantly. Before coming to this country, it is recommended to master a minimum number of everyday phrases. This will make you feel more comfortable when communicating with Czechs and get help if necessary.

If the language is not your thing, don’t worry: most Czechs communicate with tourists in Russian.

Basics of learning Czech

Perception and knowledge of language are different concepts. Interlingual homonyms, dialects, the presence of diacritics and peculiarities of sentence construction hinder the majority of Russian-speaking students in learning Czech.

To learn Czech, you need to abstract from the grammatical rules, phonetics and syntax of the Russian language.

The main rule for successful learning is to always know and remember that the Czech language is complex and independent.

If you plan to learn this language on your own, start by listening to songs and films in Czech, then connect to a simple tutorial, and, if possible, communicate with native Czech speakers in special applications.

The best results in learning Czech are achieved by students who attend special courses. These language schools pay more attention to dialects, which represent independent units of the Czech language, and teach correct pronunciation. Only here you will be able to perfectly understand the intricacies of grammar and learn the language faster, since you will have to speak Czech all the time.

Conclusion

The Czech language, being the official language of the Czech Republic, is also found in the Czech diaspora in neighboring countries. This language has gone through a long historical path of formation, therefore it includes four different dialects and special grammatical rules.

If you are planning a trip to the Czech Republic, learn everyday phrases in this language in advance to feel comfortable speaking with native speakers.

Czech language | A short excursion for beginners: Video

This manual is a system of grammatical exercises following grammatical rules. The grammar is given sequentially, the exercises reinforce its individual phenomena. The manual consists of three parts: a phonetic course, an introductory grammar course and a basic grammar course. IN phonetic course Information about pronunciation, intonation and spelling is provided. The introductory grammar course provides basic information about the case system and changes in pronouns, adjectives and nouns. In the basic grammar course, students can learn about all the exceptions and atypical cases in morphology and syntax. The manual is intended for students of the Faculty of International Relations and anyone studying Czech as a foreign language.

PHONETICS COURSE

Lesson 0 (LEKCE 0)

CZECH ALPHABET

name - pronunciation - examples

kratké - (a) -

Sister where, there, sister

dlouhé - (a:) -

národ, závod, láska

People, factory, love

Beech, bar, woman

Lesson 1

CONSONANTS

There are 25 consonant sounds in the Czech language. Many consonants in their formation and pronunciation are close to the corresponding consonants of the Russian language. Such consonants include

p, b, v, f, m, n, r, s, z, c, d, t, k, ch, g, j.

Differences are observed between consonants

In Russian they are dental, in Czech they are alveolar. Compare:

dej - děj, nemá - němá, ty - ti

Lesson 2

CONSONANT Ř

Consonant

A specific Czech sound, where the tip of the tongue vibrates during articulation. The sound can be pronounced loudly or dully. As a voiced one, it is pronounced before vowels and voiced consonants:

řeka, řada, říkat, řemen, dřevo

Like a voiceless one, it is pronounced before voiceless consonants, after voiceless consonants, at the end of a word:

tři, při, přitel, přes, keř, nekuřte

Lesson 3

STRESS

The stress in Czech is constant and falls on the first syllable:

národ, kupoval, západ

But along with the main one, there may also be a side stress, mainly on odd syllables. It is weaker than the main one, but appears with a slow pace of speech and careful pronunciation of polysyllabic words:

malokterý, pětadvacet, černobílý

Monosyllabic prepositions

na, po, u, do, za, pro, ze, od, bez

always have the main stress, and the word following them loses it, and the preposition becomes, as it were, the first syllable of the word:

INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR COURSE

PART I

Lesson 4

NOUNS

These are changeable words that denote living beings and different things and their parts, for example:

a) - persons and their parts:

muž, žena, tělo, ruka

b) - public entities:

rodina, nation, state

c) - animals, plants and their parts:

pes, růže, ocas, list

Lesson 5

Linking verb být

The Czech language has a linking verb, which is used in cases where there is no main verb (compare with auxiliary verbs in English or German languages). This is a verb

Lesson 6

In Czech the construction “

I have

” is expressed using the verb “to have” -

Verb conjugation

Lesson 7

PREPOSITIONAL CASE (LOKÁL)

In the prepositional singular case, nouns with a fixed stem have the following endings:

časopis - v časopis

in the magazine

Lesson 8

The genitive singular has the following endings:

a) for masculine nouns with a solid base, for nouns feminine on

The Czech language is treacherous and complex - a significant share of problems falls on grammar and diacritics, because of which you can become discouraged and put an end to the development of the language.

Fortunately, there are a number of online services that, with the wave of a magic wand, will decline the words you need by case and arrange all the gacheks and charkas. God forbid you use them in the future - these services should help you understand the language faster, make fewer mistakes, and not deceive teachers at all.

Declension by case

The basis of grammar is the declension of words in all cases. The entire annual course covers the study of cases, but foreigners begin to speak and write completely correctly, at best, only after years of staying in the country. If you are writing something serious and don’t want to make a mistake, you can check yourself using case declension services. I consider the best solution to be one as part of the website “Internetová jazyková příručka” (Russian. Online Language Guide) from the Institute of the Czech Language of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, because it is dictionary-based and therefore does not require specifying word attributes.

Usage is as easy as shelling pears - first insert the text without diacritics or with partially placed diacritics:

Then we press the button and the service magically places the glasses and gacheks. Words with controversial spellings are underlined in red so that you can manually check them.

By analogy with this service, you can use the more ascetic nlp.fi.muni.cz/cz_accent/ from the Faculty of Informatics of Masaryk University. In addition, if you need to perform the opposite operation (remove diacritics), you can use http://textmod.pavucina.com/odstraneni-diakritiky.

Total

Many of the above services are used even by Czechs, so don’t be shy about going to them when you don’t have a definite answer. Of course, don’t forget about , they will save you from many typos and simple mistakes.

Many of the sites listed contain additional information. tools, reference sections on Czech grammar and therefore you will probably find other useful aspects for yourself in them. If you know useful services for Czech grammar and I didn’t mention them in the article, write in the comments, let’s make the world a better place.

Please do not use the services for homework or exams, as... This is not only dishonest, but also stupid - you pay money to learn a language, but in the end your computer learns instead of you. Write correctly!

ZAYTSEVA Natalia Aleksandrovna

(Senior Lecturer at the Department of Romance-Germanic Languages)

"CZECH"

Tutorial

Czech grammar

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

BELARUSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Faculty of International Relations

Department of Romance-Germanic Languages

Lesson 0 (LEKCE 0)

CZECH ALPHABET

name - pronunciation - examples

A a kratké - (a) - kam, tam,- sestra where, there, sister

A b dlouhé - (a:) - národ, závod, láska- people, factory, love

B b- (b) - buk, bar, baba- beech, bar, woman

C c- (ts) - cukr,cena,cesta- sugar, price, road

Čč - (whose) - čaj, čas, čislo- tea, time, number

D d- (d) - dnes, dub, rada- today, oak, advice

Ďď - (d) - ďabel, zeď- devil, wall

E e tvrdé - (uh) - den, sen, ten- day, dream, that

E é dlouhé - (e:) - letto, mleko- summer, milk

ě hačkované: - (’e) - tělo, dělo- body, gun

after b, p, v, f- (yeah) - pět, věk, tobě- five, century, you

after m- (to me) - město, mě, v zimě- city, me, winter

F f- (f) - film, foto, fialka- film, photo, violet

G g- (G) - guma, garaž, nugat- rubber, garage, nougat

H h- (g) = Ukrainian - hora, holka, host- mountain, girl, guest

CH ch- (X) - chlap, chleb, mucha- guy, bread, fly

I i kratké - (and) - beer, limo, winter- beer, lemonade, winter

í dlouhé - (and:) - vino, pit, bit- wine, drink, beat

Jj- (th) - jama, jeden, maj- pit, one, may

K k- (To) - kino, kluk, kost- cinema, boy, bone

L l- (l) - les, lampa, lipa- forest, lamp, linden

Mm- (m) - matka, metro, mak- mother, metro, poppy

Nn- (n) - noc, noha, nůž- night, leg, knife

Ňň - (ny) - dlaň, kůň- palm, horse

O o kratké - (o) - oko, nos, window- eye, nose, window

O ó dlouhé - (o:) - fashion, tone- fashion, tone

P p- (p) - pole, pan, right- field, sir, right

Q q- (kv) - Quido- Guido

R r- (p) - rock, country, radio- year, page, radio

Řř - (rzh, rsh) - řeka, řeč, lékař, přez- river, speech, doctor, through

Ss- (With) - sen, soud, les- dream, court, forest

Šš - (sh) - škola, šest, šít- school, notebook, sewing

T t- (T) - tok, tam, theta- current, there, aunt

Ťť - (th) - ťukat, chuť- knock, taste

U u kratké - (y) - ruka, ucho- hand, ear

Úú dlouhé - (y:) - úsměv, únor- smile, February

ů kroužkované - (y:) - dům, sůl- house, salt

Vv(V) - vůz, water, vítr- carriage, water, wind

W w dvojité - (in) - Walker- Walker

X x- (ks) - praxe, existence- practice, existence

Y y kratké - (and) - byl, jazyk, syr- was, tongue, cheese

Y ý dlouhé - (and:) - vysoký, mýt, nový- tall, wash, new

Z z- (h) - země, zima, zahrada- country, cold, kindergarten

Žž - (zh) - žena, život, žizeň- woman, life, thirst

The Czech language belongs to the West Slavic languages. Czechs use the Latin alphabet. Superscripts are used to indicate some Czech sounds:

sign ’ (čarka) serves to indicate the length of vowels:

ó, á, é, ú, í, ý

sign ° (kroužek) is used to denote a long ů .

sign ˇ (haček) denotes letters š,č,ř,ž, It also denotes the softness of capitals Ň, Ď, Ť and the softness of the lowercase ň before vowels and at the end of words.

To indicate softness of lowercase t And d at the end of a word and before vowels a, o, u sign used " (apostrophe): ťukat, ďabel, zeď, teď

Icon above the letter ě indicates softness of preceding consonants or iotation of labial consonants. Compare:

tělo[ťelo], dělo , pět ,věk , běh .

Writing ě after the letter m indicates pronunciation: město , mě .

Czech pronunciation is very precise, based on the phonetic principle, according to which sounds are accurately reproduced:

znám, tok, voda, dráha, sloužit, krásná.

Traditionally, letters are used that do not serve special sounds. So, to denote the long [y:] two letters are used - ú, ů .

Letter ú usually written at the beginning of a word and after prefixes:

úkol, únava.

Letter ů written in the middle and at the end of a word: dům, vůz, domů,

The sound [and] is expressed in two letters: i And y, long sound is conveyed by letters í, ý .Previously, they corresponded to various sounds (compare Russian words was And beat). Compare: bil, byl, bít, být, vít, výt.

In modern Czech, after the letters k, h, ch, r a letter is always written y, ý: velký, chyba, ryba, suchý, drahý, chytat.

After the letters j, š, ž, ř, č, c only written i, í: žít, čist, cíl, čisto,

After consonants n, t, d, m, p, v, f, b, s, z, l perhaps written as i, í so and y,ý: nyní, ty, dým, dím.

In the Czech language, deafening and voicing of consonants occurs, as happens in the Russian language: dub, vůz, svatba, dětský.

CONSONANTS

There are 25 consonant sounds in the Czech language. Many consonants in their formation and pronunciation are close to the corresponding consonants of the Russian language. Such consonants include

p, b, v, f, m, n, r, s, z, c, d, t, k, ch, g, j.

Differences are observed between consonants n, d, t - in Russian they are dental, in Czech they are alveolar. Compare:

dej - děj, nemá - němá, ty - ti

give - action, he does not have - dumb, you - to you

Always solid: h, ch, k, r, d, t, n

Always soft: č, ř, š, ž, c, j, ď, ť, ň

Double: b, f, l, m, p, s, v, z

On the softness of consonants n, t, d indicate vowels ě, i, í , for hardness - letters e, é, y, ý.

Consonant j pronounced as a non-syllabic sound, similar in sound to Russian [th]. Before vowels it is always pronounced like Russian [th] - jama, junák, jídlo, Jirka, jitro.

Before consonants at the beginning of words, sometimes this sound is not pronounced or is pronounced very unexpressed:

jsem, jdu, jmeno.

But after a negation and a prefix ending in a vowel, it is usually pronounced:

nejsem, zajdu, půjdu, zájmeno.

VOWELS

The sound system of literary Czech has five vowel sounds, which can be short or long.

Brief: a, o, u, e, i, y Long: á, ó, ú, ů, é, í, ý

Long vowels last approximately twice as long as short vowels; they can be either stressed or in unstressed syllables:

váza, zdravá, zastávka, krásná

EXERCISES:

1. Read the one-syllable words:

pas, sad, dar, Jan, bok, nos, kov, strom, cop, dub, buk, kus, sud, jev, jen, rok, bok, tam.

2. Read two-syllable words, observing correct stress and pronunciation:

matka, mapa, voda, ruda, cesta, maso, sako, jaro, okno, sukno, Rusko, koza, ruka, sama, schopná

3. Read the phrases:

tato mapa, tato nota, tato cena, toto maso, toto sako, toto okno, jedna ruka, jedna cesta, jedno ucho, tato forma, toto auto, jedna strana

4. Read, compare:

pas - pás, pan- pán, dam - dám, rada - ráda, ruda - rudá, pata- pátá, panu - pánů

5. Read:

a) tvá zpráva, tvá známka, má matka, má ruka, má bota, stará dáma, nová mapa, nová cesta, krásná váza, krásná dáma

b) bez, pes, ven, zem, ten, den, sestra, teta, pero, seno, metro, bere, nese, vede, mete, bereme, neseme, dobré, nové, staré, pestré, krátké