Ukrainians gave the world a lot of useful discoveries
For the Independence Day of Ukraine, NV has prepared a selection of the best inventions that glorified Ukrainian scientists not only at home, but throughout the world
Helicopter
The inventor of the helicopter is Igor Sikorsky, a Kyiv aircraft designer who emigrated to the United States. In 1931, he patented a project for a machine with two propellers - horizontal on the roof and vertical on the tail. The design was a steel tube with an open cockpit for the pilot, a Franklin engine and a belt drive. The first VS-300 took to the skies in 1939.
Its power was 75 Horse power. Later, based on the VS-300, the world's first amphibious helicopter on a float chassis was created, which could take off from the water and land on land. After the improvement of the helicopter developed by Sikorsky, the serial production of these aircraft began.
The first helicopter took to the skies in 1939. Photo: aviastar.org
electric tram
In the early 1870s, Fyodor Pirotsky, a Poltava resident, developed a technology for transmitting electricity through an iron wire fixed with telegraph insulators on wooden poles, and two AC machines. In 1880, Pirotsky presented a project for the use of electrics "for the movement of railway trains with the supply of current."
To implement the project, the inventor converted a double-deck horse-drawn railway car weighing 6.5 tons to electric traction, built a power plant and redid part of the tracks. A year later, the first tram, manufactured by Siemens according to the scheme of a Ukrainian, set off in Berlin. Its speed was about 10 km/h.
Pirotsky presented his project in 1880. Photo: Siemens
Disabled EnableTalk glove
The “talking” glove is designed to translate sign language into words. The device project for people with hearing and speech disabilities was developed by Ukrainian students of the STEP computer academy from the QuadSquad team. The device looks like two gloves equipped with sensors that track the position of the hands and transmit data to a mobile device.
Further, a special program converts gestures into words and sentences. EnableTalk won the Imagine Cup 2012 international student technology competition in Sydney and was named one of the best inventions of 2012 by Time magazine.
This glove is one of the newest Ukrainian inventions. Photo: enabletalk.com
Kerosene lamp
The lamp based on the combustion of kerosene was created by Lviv pharmacists Ignaty Lukasevich and Jan Zekh, as well as tinsmith Adam Bratkovsky in 1853 in the pharmacy Under the Golden Star. The prototype kerosene lamp consisted of a cylindrical mica shell, in which the wick was placed, and a metal reservoir separated from the combustion chamber. There was also a carrying handle.
Simultaneously with the lamp, a new method of obtaining kerosene by distillation and refining of oil was also invented. On July 31 of the same year, the lamp was first used by the doctors of the Lviv hospital during an operation. However, Bratkovsky did not patent his creation, and soon entrepreneurs from Europe, America and Russia set up mass production of kerosene lamps.
At the entrance to the Gasova Lampa restaurant in Lviv. Photo: about.lviv.ua
Bloodless blood test
Kharkiv scientist Anatoly Malykhin figured out how to make a blood test bloodless. He created a device, five sensors of which are attached to certain parts of the human body, after which 131 health indicators are displayed on the computer screen. In 2008, a Ukrainian private company took up the production of the device. Also in Hungary, a factory was built for its mass production, since the device is actively used by doctors in China, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Egypt and Mexico.
The device can determine 131 health indicators. Photo: biopromin.info
Postcode
In 1932, a unique letter marking system was created in Kharkov. Initially, it used numbers from 1 to 10, and later the format changed to number-letter-number. The first number in the cipher meant the city, the letter in the middle meant the country, the second number meant the district. With the outbreak of World War II, this indexing system was canceled, but later continued to be used in many countries of the world.
Rocket engine
A native of Zhitomir, Sergei Korolev is a designer of Soviet rocket and space technology and the founder of cosmonautics. In 1931, already known as a capable aircraft designer, Korolev, together with his colleague Friedrich Zander, achieved the creation of a public organization for the study of jet propulsion, which later became the state research and design laboratory for the development of rocket aircraft.
It was in it that the first liquid-propellant long-range cruise and ballistic missiles, aircraft missiles for firing at air and ground targets, and solid-propellant anti-aircraft missiles were created. In 1936, the first tests of cruise missiles took place - anti-aircraft with a powder rocket engine and long-range with a liquid rocket engine. In 1957, Korolev launched the first artificial Earth satellite into Earth orbit. And in 1961 he realized the world's first manned space flight with Yuri Gagarin aboard the Vostok-1 spacecraft.
Few people know that the Ukrainians made rocket flights possible. Photo: NASA
Antibiotic batumin
Scientists from the Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine have created a new antibiotic with high activity against staphylococcal and nosocomial infections. In my own way chemical composition this drug has no analogues. Batumin has selective activity against all studied types of staphylococci. The study continued for 30 years and after the successful completion of the development of the drug were sold to Belgium.
Batumin has no analogues. Photo: EPA/UPG
Flexible supercapacitor
Specialists from the National Institute of Lviv Polytechnic have come up with a flexible tissue supercapacitor that runs on a solar battery and can even charge a mobile phone. The device is a compact energy saving system that bends and attaches to any surface. This Ukrainian invention was included in the top 100 best research and development in the world in 2011 according to the influential American R&D Magazine. The project was funded by China. Production licenses have already been bought in the US, the EU and Japan.
The project was financed by China. Photo: portal.lviv.ua
Liquid jet scalpel
Researchers at the Aerospace Institute and the National Aviation University have created a liquid jet scalpel that does not damage vascular system during operations on the internal organs of a person. High pressure during operation of the device allows you to remove non-muscle tissue with minimal blood loss. The scalpel has no analogues in the West and is a reusable instrument.
The tool does not damage the vascular system during operations. Photo: EPA/UPG
Seagull - the first submarine
The deckless flat-bottomed boat of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks Chaika was created in the 16th-17th centuries. It looked like a large hollowed deck, sheathed with boards, 18 meters long, 3.6 meters wide, with sides 1.6 meters high. A reed belt was attached outside the sides, which made it possible to sink the boat and keep it afloat in this state.
One of the features of Chaika were two rudders. Their placement in front and behind allowed a sharp change in course. The boat was equipped with 15 pairs of oars. The speed of the Ukrainian submarine was about 15 km/h, which allowed the Cossacks to easily get away from the Turkish galleys.
In our time, enthusiasts have taken up the revival of the legendary boat. Photo: life.zp.ua
Watch-glucometer for diabetics
A scientist from Transcarpathia Petr Bobonich invented a glucometer in the form wrist watch. With it, people with diabetes can know the level of sugar in the blood at any time. For this, you do not need to take a blood test in a medical institution.
The infrared beam of the device passes through the finger, ear or nostril. The inventor hopes in the future to improve the device to such an extent that it automatically provides the patient with a dose of insulin.
In the photo - a design concept of a foreign counterpart. Photo: designbuzz.com
Ecologically clean fuel
An engineer from Slavutych, Vladimir Melnikov, has designed a machine that turns wood waste into fuel briquettes. An ultra-high pressure oven heats sawdust to 300 degrees, resulting in the formation of vegetable glue. Then the press works, which compresses the mass with a force of 200 tons per square centimeter. The output is a fuel briquette, similar in quality to anthracite. The inventor posted a description of the production of ecological fuel on the Web and within a few hours received offers from buyers from Germany, Lithuania and Poland.
Environmentally friendly fuel was invented in Slavutych.
Sea water desalination
The technology for desalination of sea water for drinking was developed by Professor of the Odessa State Academy of Refrigeration Leonard Smirnov. Sea water frozen in a special way turns into crystals, from the surface of which salts, harmful substances, as well as heavy hydrogen isotopes that negatively affect the human genes and nervous system, can be removed. The development became interested in the USA, Israel and Italy.
The development was interested in the USA. Photo: EPA/UPG
Prophylactor Evminov
Vyacheslav Evminov was prompted by his own serious injury to create a simulator and a method known all over the world for the prevention and treatment of diseases of the spine. Having tried all known methods of treatment, Evminov himself began to develop exercises for the muscles surrounding the spine.
Realizing that ordinary physical activity is not suitable, he came to the conclusion that unloading of the spine was necessary and used an inclined plane for training. In the course of experiments with the dosage of loads and performing exercises at different angles with different amplitudes, which activated metabolic processes and strengthened the muscles of the spine, a simulator was invented, called Evminov's Profilactor.
Evminov began to develop exercises for the muscles himself. Photo: censor.net.ua
Hurricane Control Device
A unique design to protect the coast from hurricanes was developed by an associate professor of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Rivne state university Victor Bernatsky. The device catches streams strong wind and reduces its strength by counteracting the oncoming air flow. On the coast of the ocean, for effective operation, it is necessary to place about 300 such devices in a checkerboard pattern. For his invention, the Ukrainian received an award from the European Scientific and Industrial Chamber.
The fastest car in the world
In the fastest Soviet car, the project of which was developed in 1966 by Vladimir Nikitin from Kharkov, a GTD-350 helicopter gas turbine engine with a capacity of 400 horsepower was installed. The estimated speed of the car was 400 km / h, but it was not reached due to the lack of a suitable track. However, during the race on the Chuguevskaya highway, HADI-7, having started from a standstill, was able to reach a speed of 320 km/h at a distance of 1 km. During 1966-1967, this racing car set four all-Union records.
The estimated speed of the car was 400 km / h. Photo: lsa.net.ua
Kinescope
Iosif Timchenko is a man who, two years before the discovery of the Lumiere brothers, together with the physicist Nikolai Lyubimov, developed the "snail" jump mechanism. It was this mechanism that was used to improve the stroboscope, a device that produces rapidly repeating light pulses. The principle of operation of the jump mechanism was the basis for the creation of the kinescope. In 1893, two films shot with the first kinescope were shown in Odessa. Timchenko was ahead of the Western inventors of cinema, but his apparatus was not patented.
Timchenko was ahead of the Western inventors of cinema. Photo: wikimedia.org
coal harvester
In 1932, a Ukrainian, a native of the current Luhansk region, Alexei Bakhmutsky developed the design and built a prototype of the world's first coal combine. In the same year, the combine was tested in operation at the mine. This machine could simultaneously carry out notching, breaking and bulking of coal in the mine face.
After some improvement, in 1939 the Gorlovsky plant named after. Kirov began mass production of coal combines, which successfully worked in the mines of Donbass before the start of the Great Patriotic War. Subsequently, based on the developments of Bakhmutsky, many types of Soviet combines were created.
Monument to the roadheader in Donetsk. Photo by Andrey Butko / Wikipedia
Welding of living tissues
The idea of welding of living tissues appeared among the scientists of the Institute of Electric Welding. Eugene Paton. Back in 1993, under the leadership of Boris Paton, the son of the inventor of various methods of electric welding, together with surgeons from the Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery and the Okhmatdet Hospital, experiments were carried out that proved the possibility of obtaining a welded joint of various animal soft tissues using the bipolar coagulation method.
Later, experiments began on welding tissues of remote human organs. The peculiarity of the method lies in the fact that during operations such methods of simulating electric current are used, which allow preserving the viability of tissues, do not leave burns, and the operation is almost bloodless. Since 2002, soft tissue welding has been successfully applied in practice.
During operations, such techniques for modeling electric current are used. Photo: stc-paton.com
x-ray
According to one version, it is believed that the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen was the inventor of the X-ray, but in fact this is not entirely true. Ukrainian Ivan Pulyuy designed a tube 14 years before the German, which later became the prototype of modern X-ray machines. A month and a half after Roentgen delivered a lecture on X-rays in 1896, Puliui published his work devoted to the study of the same topic.
He analyzed the nature and mechanisms of the origin of rays much deeper than Roentgen, and also demonstrated their essence with examples. In addition, Pulyui's photographs, taken with the help of a vacuum lamp designed by him back in 1880, were of better quality. It was Ivan Pulyuy who was the first in the world to take an X-ray photograph of the human skeleton.
Modern world hard to imagine without x-rays. Photos from open sources
CD
Against the backdrop of reports about the invention of the compact disc by Sony, Philips and the American James Russell, few people know that the prototype of the compact disc was invented in the late 1960s by Vyacheslav Petrov, a graduate student at the Kyiv Institute of Cybernetics. Then the development was scientific in nature and had nothing to do with music. The optical disc was created for the supercomputer.
The removable disk of the world's first information storage device had a capacity of 2500 MB. Petrov is also the chief designer of a compact storage device with immersion recording on optical cylinders ES5153 for use in personal computers.
Eco car powered by air
A 48-year-old resident of Kharkov, Oleg Zbarsky, created a car that runs on compressed air. Such a pneumatic machine, although it travels at a speed of 40 km / h, does not produce harmful emissions. To implement his idea, the Kharkiv citizen developed a special camshaft for an internal combustion engine.
Instead of a carburetor, a ball valve is used through which compressed air is supplied from cylinders to the engine. And although the eco-car has the disadvantage of bulky cylinders, with appropriate refinement, the technology can be widely used.
The names of one hundred prominent Ukrainians were named for the first time in the 2008 ranking. Later, ratings were compiled: "Ukrainians are famous", "People are the pride of Ukraine", in fact - "Famous world figures - Ukrainians" and others. It is objectively impossible to determine who he is - the most famous Ukrainian, everyone's opinion on this issue will always be subjective.
Here is a small list of the 10 most famous personalities of the country. It includes the winners of the following categories: historical figures, scientists, writers, musicians, filmmakers, athletes.
Oddly enough, according to the results of numerous polls, Hetman Bogdan Khmelnytsky was named the most famous Ukrainian.
1 Bogdan Khmelnitsky (1595-1657)
The Great Hetman changed the structure of the world by inscribing the state of Ukraine into the map of Europe. This alone is enough to mark his fame. Only under Bogdanov's hand did Ukrainians begin to perceive themselves as a nation. The politician and talented leader experienced everything - Turkish captivity, victories and defeats, peace and war, great love and betrayal.
Among literary figures, Taras Shevchenko is the most famous.
2 Taras Shevchenko (1814-1861)
The poet, thinker, artist of mighty creative power, implacable fighter against the oppression of man by man has become a symbol of fortitude for the country. The literary heritage of Taras Shevchenko is considered the basis of Ukrainian literature and the modern literary Ukrainian language. Journalists counted 1060 monuments to Taras and objects named after him. They are located in 32 countries of the world on different continents.
3 Stepan Bandera (1909-1959)
Different opinions about who is, in the historical sense of Bandera. In post-Soviet times, his name became a symbol of the national struggle of Ukrainians for the right to have their own state. In the period from 1941-1944. spent in a concentration camp and did not personally participate in the national liberation movement in Ukraine, becoming only its ideologist. However, the name derived from his surname has become a household name for a patriot of Ukraine, regardless of his relationship to Bandera.
Academicians Paton and Amosov are named well-known figures of science.
4 Boris Evgenievich Paton (born in 1918)
The first hero of Ukraine in the history of the state, the permanent head of the Academy of Sciences, a practical scientist in the field of welding production and metallurgy. Thanks to Paton, tank armor welded according to his technology turned the tide of the war and saved the lives of thousands of tankers. Application of welding in space, fabric welding human body in surgery - the most famous works of the scientist.
“Conscience is my most important judge” is the motto of the life of this surprisingly modest, strong-willed, energetic and principled person. The academician, professor, experimented on himself, testing the limiting capabilities of the body, testing options for extending human life. Ukrainian, not by birth, considered Ukraine his homeland.
20 athletes participated in the ranking of the most famous Ukrainian athletes, including football players Andriy Shevchenko and Oleg Blokhin, boxers Alexander Yagubkin and Vitaliy Klitschko, football player Oleg Blokhin, athlete Valery Borzov, swimmer Yana Klochkova. However, in the 2015 ranking, Sergey Bubka became the leader of fame.
6 Sergey Bubka (born in 1963)
The six-time world champion in pole vaulting, a native of Luhansk, living in Donetsk, a famous athlete, set 35 world records. The first to overcome 6 meters in height. For more than a dozen years, his record of 6m14cm has not been repeated. when trying to take a height of 6m37cm.
7 Valery Lobanovsky (1939-2002)
An outstanding coach, a hero of Ukraine, revealed himself as a football player in Dynamo Kiev, coach of the USSR national team. Included in the top ten rankings of famous coaches in world football. Awarded with the UEFA Ruby Order of Merit. The monument at the Dynamo stadium is symbolic: the pensive Lobanovsky is sitting on the coaching bench, under his feet a huge soccer ball in the form of our planet.
He is an actor and director Alexander Dovzhenko and Leonid Bykov.
8 Alexander Dovzhenko (1894-1956)
The founder of Ukrainian cinematography, film director, playwright, writer, artist, classic of world cinema. His personality and creativity were under an ideological ban for a long time. His views and political position defeated time.
9 Leonid Bykov (1928-1979)
Ukraine, charming, cheerful, talented film actor, director, screenwriter. The films “Maxim Perepelitsa”, “Aty-bats were soldiers”, “Only old men go to battle” were included in the golden fund of cinematography.
10 Leonid Utyosov (1895-1982)
The most recognizable pop artist organized the first Soviet jazz group and was its soloist. The film "Merry Fellows" was filmed with the participation of this team. He successfully combined the development of the chanson song with serious jazz improvisations.
Ukraine is famous for its black soil, the beauty of nature, free thinking, and no less for its great sons. She gave the world many outstanding personalities who make up the glory of their country.
Let's start with the fact that physics is one of the most important sciences in the world, and so on and so forth. No start. All articles about the fundamental sciences and their outstanding creators (in this case, physicists) begin in approximately the same way. Kind of boring. Meet the unique and brilliant physicists of Ukraine!
Lev Landau - the author of the classic course of theoretical physics(together with friend Evgeny Lifshits). He was awarded the Lenin Prize, three times the State Prize of the USSR, and, finally, the Nobel Prize.
Leo graduated from high school at 13. For an institute, this age is catastrophically small, so Landau studied for 1 year at the Baku Technical School. He said that he did not remember himself as being unable to integrate and differentiate. Here I recalled a case when a not yet outstanding, but already charismatic physicist swore not to communicate with girls in the humanities, because they could not take the integral. There is no Landau on them ...
Frankly, all physicists have a somewhat dismissive attitude towards other disciplines. And at the beginning of his scientific career, Lev Landau loved chemistry, but physics took over. At the age of 19, he became a graduate student at the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology.
Leo was narcissistic and a rude critic, but he had and gave deep knowledge. All his life, Landau considered himself a student of Niels Bohr, personally communicated with him and discussed topical problems of theoretical physics. At the age of 24, Lev Davidovich wanted to create a complete course in theoretical physics, and years of painstaking work were not in vain: he accomplished his plan. His books and articles cover everything from fluid dynamics to quantum field theory.
It is well known that everyone is interested in juicy details from the lives of prominent people. There are many legends around Landau's personality. It is believed that he was a supporter of marriage without obligations and jealousy: he and his wife Cora (Concordia) had the right to have relations with anyone on the side. “The main duty of a person is to be happy” (Lev Landau). Let it be. Everyone has their own happiness.
In the 30s of the 20th century, the country suffered from the onset of arrests (another manifestation of the senselessness of Stalin's policy). In 1938, Landau was arrested, but thanks to the support of Peter Kapitsa and Niels Bohr, Lev Davidovich returned to scientific activity. An outstanding scientist died on April 1, 1968.
Yuri Kondratyuk is a mysterious person, even his fictitious name, the real one is Ignat Benediktovich Shargei. At the age of 13 he became an orphan. In 1916, Ignat Shargiy was forcibly mobilized into the ranks of the White Army, he fled from the front twice, after the second escape he lost all his documents. Living without a name and a tribe is not so easy, so in 1921 the former Ignat Shargei received documents in the name of Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk.
The future scientist was first engaged in technical specialties: he lubricated and coupled wagons, worked as a mechanic, built and improved elevators. Now Yuri Kondratyuk is the author of the famous Mastodon elevator, built without a single nail. This invention then became the reason for the arrest of the scientist, because it allegedly harmed production (the authorities reasoned that the structure could not withstand the load). Yuri Kondratyuk was lucky, and three years of camps were replaced by work in the Novosibirsk Design Bureau, associated with mining enterprises. Later he took part in the design of wind farms. The horror of the Second World War did not bypass his life, during which, most likely, he died (there is no exact data).
One of the most fundamental works of Shargiy-Kondratyuk in astronautics is "On interplanetary travel". His invention is a way to reach the surface space bodies- used in the development of the American lunar module in the Apollo project. Kondratyuk's work was not recognized at home, and grateful Americans erected a monument in his honor at the Cape Canaveral cosmodrome. Also on the moon there is a track and the Kondratyuk crater. This is how Ukrainians are gradually exploring outer space.
Mikhail Ulyanovich Bely - a graduate of the KNU. Tarasa Shevchenko, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Dean... The list of honorary titles and awards is long. He headed the departments of optics, experimental physics, solid state optics.
The scientist began new methods for studying luminescence, proved the existence of a new type chemical bond between central mercury-like ions and halogen ions, investigated the processes of nonlinear interaction of intense laser radiation with activated media. Under the leadership of Bely, priority research was carried out in the field of metal optics. Particular attention was paid to the study of the optical properties of metals in the amorphous state and the processes of generation of the second harmonic in the surface layer of metals.
M. W. Bely - co-inventor of microwave resonance therapy. This method is used to treat cerebral palsy, stomach ulcers, etc. The scientist also studied the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the state of the body, the results of his experiments are used to treat and diagnose a large number of diseases. This is one of the proofs that physicists work not only for the benefit of machines, but also for the benefit of people.
Nevertheless, physicists are amazing people ... It would seem that physics, like mathematics, is a “dry” science, even callous. But these people firmly believe that physics is life and creativity.
The stereotype of our thinking is limited by the fact that a typical physicist is a person of average height with long hair and big glasses, a little distant from the outside world... Have you seen the physicists? With green and blue hair, charisma and an endless stream of talent and enthusiasm, these eccentrics and eccentrics debunk all standard notions. Physicists are sincere, open, sociable. Their ambitions inspire, their deeds amaze. Almost none of them regrets that they chose this path, the path of studying the mechanisms of nature. Some of them think globally, worry about the energy independence of countries, and most want to connect the future with physics. Perhaps there is no turning back.
Short stories about people who determined the course of the country's history from the time of Kievan Rus to the present day
Project 100 outstanding personalities in the history of Ukraine- an attempt to create an accessible desktop guide on the history of the country for the most different people from students to entrepreneurs. This is the history of Ukraine, concentrated on 32 pages. This project narrates in an accessible way about the people who determined the course of the history of Ukraine from Kievan Rus to our times.
Many will discover new names here or learn more about people they have heard about more than once. For a long time I wanted to make a project in which it would be possible to find out in 30 seconds what Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky did outstanding and what Cardinal Joseph Slipy was imprisoned in Soviet camps for. Knowing our history helps us understand who we are and why we have become the way we are. This knowledge gives free lessons, requires not to repeat the mistakes that may have already been made. This is the case when the hackneyed phrase is appropriate Without knowledge of the past, there is no present and future.
Even scrolling through this small application, one can understand that not only the struggle for freedom and statehood determined the course of the country's history. Ukraine has given the world many talented people - physicists, thinkers, architects, microbiologists, writers.
This list is subjective, like any other. However, we made every effort not to forget anyone: over several months, we interviewed 75 experts and opinion leaders. Then they put the results together and wrote succinctly about each of these 100 iconic people.
The so-called popular - not academic - history is in demand, for example, among our neighbors in Poland. Historical supplements to weekly magazines are sold there in huge numbers. A wide demand for history is only being formed in Ukraine. I would like you to be able to snatch this supplement from the magazine, put it somewhere nearby and have it always at hand.
Vitaly Sych,
Chief Editor HB
Duchess Olga
(c. 920-969)
Politician,
head of the ancient Russian state
After the death of her husband, Prince Igor, Olga became the first woman to rule the Old Russian state. She pursued a tough policy towards the tribes subordinate to Kyiv. From the annals, the story of Olga's reprisal against the nobility of the Drevlyans is known - in the lands of this tribe, while collecting tribute, Igor was killed. After that, by order of the princess, the then fiscal system was improved: strongholds were built throughout the state to collect tribute - graveyards.
In 957, the princess made a diplomatic mission to Constantinople, the capital of Byzantium. There she met with Emperor Constantine and signed a contract - obviously a trade one. After staying in Byzantium for more than six months, Olga was imbued with the achievements of the strongest Christian state at that time. In the same year she converted to Christianity, but she failed to spread the new religion in her homeland.
GREAT ANGER: The burning of the Drevlyansk ambassadors in Kyiv on the orders of Princess Olga in retaliation for the murder of her husband Prince Igor. 13th century drawing
Svyatoslav Igorevich
(c. 942-972)
Old Russian prince
Having taken the throne of Kyiv, Svyatoslav significantly expanded the possessions of the Old Russian state in the northeast and defeated the centuries-old enemy of Rus' - the Khazar Khaganate. Under the rule of Kyiv were the Volga Bulgarians, the lands in the lower reaches of the Volga, the Taman and Kerch Peninsulas (Tmutarakan). And since the main trade routes passed through the annexed territories, this strengthened the economy of Ancient Rus'.
Svyatoslav successfully fought with Byzantium. Constantinople paid off his first campaign against the empire with 15 centinaries of gold (480 kg). However, this briefly stopped the Kyiv prince, who planned to create his own large empire with lands in the Balkans, and move the capital to the Danube.
He approached his goal in 971, when he occupied several Bulgarian cities and entered Thrace, a province of Byzantium. Then the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes himself arrived at peace negotiations with the prince and offered Svyatoslav a large tribute. Having concluded a peace treaty with Byzantium, Svyatoslav turned his horses to Kyiv. At the Dnieper rapids, he was ambushed by the Pecheneg Khan Kuri and was killed.
Vladimir Svyatoslavich (Great)
(c. 960-1015)
Politician,
Prince Vladimir introduced the Old Russian state into the orbit of world politics and culture. In the conquered Crimea, he adopted Christianity and made it the state religion. This allowed Kyiv to establish close relations with byzantine empire, the largest and most developed state in the expanses of Europe and the Middle East.
Religious reform also contributed to state reforms. The power of Kyiv at the head of vast territories at the administrative level increased, which was not the case under the father of Vladimir Svyatoslav, who rarely visited Kyiv and spent his whole life on campaigns.
Vladimir created a state council, which, in addition to the boyars - the old hereditary nobility, also included representatives of large cities. The council was an instrument of legislative and executive power.
Vladimir is the first head of Ancient Rus', who began to mint his own coins: golden coins and silver coins. On them, as well as on objects of state importance, the prince ordered to put his sign - a trident, the prototype of the current coat of arms of Ukraine.
OWN CURRENCY: Srebrenik of Vladimir Svyatoslavich
Yaroslav Vladimirovich (Wise)
(c. 978-1054)
Politician,
head of the ancient Russian state
Great Kiev prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich expanded the territory of the Old Russian state to the maximum. The power of Kyiv extended from the Black to the Baltic Sea - from south to north - and from the Carpathians to the Volga - from west to east. The political and military power of the Old Russian state was recognized in Europe. Yaroslav's daughters were married to the kings of France, Hungary, Norway, Denmark, England, which in those days was considered a kind of treaty of friendship and cooperation.
The prince compiled the first written set of laws in Eastern Europe - Yaroslav's Truth. For several centuries, it became the basis for the legal system of neighboring states, such as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Yaroslav weakened the power of the Varangian elite ruling before him, endowing representatives of the local Slavic elites with state powers.
The wise prince was known among the people due to the fact that he raised culture and education to the world level. Under him, schools of painting, stone construction and chronicle writing arose, and educational institutions were opened. An extensive library was collected at the Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv.
Nestor the Chronicler
(1056-1114)
Monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery, chronicler
The writing of the events from the time of the founding of the Old Russian state has come down to our days thanks to the Kyiv monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor. He is considered the only known intellectual of his time. Thoroughly owned Greek, which allowed him to study the literature of the Orthodox world.
Nestor is considered the compiler of the Tale of Bygone Years - a set of chronicles available by that time that have not been preserved. It is known that the monk made trips to Vladimir-Volynsky, where he studied the works of local chroniclers. Thus, the Volyn Chronicle became part of the Tale.
Daniel Galitsky
(1201-1264 )
Politician,
statesman
During the fragmentation of the Old Russian state, Prince Daniel was the most successful ruler in the lands of modern Ukraine. His reign fell on dramatic events - the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars. Daniel had to pursue a subtle policy in order to protect his lands from complete ruin. He made a long trip to the headquarters of Batu Khan, where he received guarantees of the security of the Galicia-Volyn state.
In 1253, Daniel of Galicia, who was looking for military and political support in the West, received a royal title from the Pope.
During his reign, he founded a number of cities in his lands that exist to this day. Among them are Kholm (now Chelm in Poland) and Lvov.
HARD REBACK: The defeat of the crusaders by the army of Daniil of Galicia near Dorohochyn in 1238. Artist - Stanislav Servetnik, XX century
Roksolana
(Anastasia Lisovskaya)
(1505-1558)
First Lady of the Ottoman Empire
As the wife of Sultan Suleiman I, Roksolana influenced foreign policy Ottoman Empire - the most powerful Asian-European state at that time. She opened schools and caravanserais, financed the construction of mosques. It is believed that, remembering her homeland, Roksolana restrained the aggression of the Ottoman army against the Ukrainian lands and cared about the fate of Slavic slaves and Cossacks.
According to the main version, Roksolana was the daughter of an Orthodox priest from Rogatin (now Ivano-Frankivsk region). As a teenager, she was captured during a raid by the Crimean Tatars and was sold at a slave market in Istanbul. So she got into the Sultan's harem.
Having withstood fierce competition among the concubines, the Ukrainian became the main wife of the padishah. During the long military campaigns of Suleiman I, she corresponded with her husband in Arabic and Persian.
Many European ambassadors, before negotiations with the Sultan, sought to meet with Roksolana in order to state the requests of their rulers. This often influenced Suleiman's foreign policy plans.
Roksolana was buried in the mausoleum of the Suleymaniye Jami mosque with her husband.
Dmitry Vishnevetsky
(baida)
(c. 1517-1564)
In the service of the Polish King Sigismund II Augustus, Prince Dmitry Vishnevetsky built several fortresses in the lower reaches of the Dnieper. Around 1552, with his own money, he laid fortifications on the island of Malaya Khortitsa, which laid the foundation for the Zaporizhzhya Sich. At the same time, the local Cossacks elected Vyshnevetsky as their hetman.
At the head of the Cossack detachments, Prince Dmitry made trips to the Crimea and the Tatar fortresses located on the Black Sea. Vyshnevetsky's military campaigns were so effective that the sultan of the Ottoman Empire himself took up his liquidation. The Cossack hetman was nevertheless caught on the territory of modern Moldova and then executed. Prince Dmitry was very popular among the people and became a hero of folklore, which has survived to this day.
FREEDOM: Zaporizhzhya Sich in the heyday of the Cossacks. Drawing by an unknown artist
Ivan Fedorovich (Fedorov)
(1520-1583)
Printer
And van Fedorovich is one of the first masters who laid the foundation for printing in the Old Slavonic language. He received his education at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, then took part in the creation of the first printing house in Moscow. It is believed that here Fedorovich, together with comrade Peter Mstislavets, published the Apostle - the first printed book in the Muscovite state. However, the master's enterprise was burned by the monks, and he himself barely took his feet.
In 1572, Fedorovich moved to Lvov, where two years later he published the Apostle, similar to the Moscow one, and the first East Slavic Primer. For six years he was in the service of Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky. At this time, the printer created the New Testament, the Psalter, the Ostroh Bible.
In addition to religious books, Fedorovich published the first secular work - The Legend of the Letters of the Bulgarian author Brave, which outlines the history of Slavic writing.
NEW TECHNOLOGY: Pages of the first printed book of Ivan Fedorovich Apostol
Konstantin-Vasily Ostrozhsky
(1526-1608)
military and political figure, philanthropist
Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky is the richest and most influential figure in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the founder of the first higher educational institution on the territory of modern Ukraine and Eastern Europe - the Ostroh Academy.
After the Union of Lublin in 1569, he owned many lands in Volhynia, in Galicia, in the Kiev region, as well as castles in the Czech Republic and Hungary, the annual income from which brought the prince a million zlotys.
Having become the head of the Kyiv province, Prince Konstantin built cities and castles on the borders with the steppe and successfully repelled the raids of the Crimean Tatars. King Sigismund III granted him privileges in protecting the rights Orthodox Church and nominating candidates for episcopal office.
In his native Ostrog, the prince gathered a circle of Orthodox intellectuals, who had a large library at their disposal. This is how the powerful cultural and educational center of the Ostroh Academy was created. Here, with the financial support of the prince, the first printer Ivan Fedorovich, the publisher of the complete text of the Bible in Slavic, founded a printing house.
FORMER GREATNESS: Ruins of the castle in Ostrog. Drawing by Zygmunt Vogel, turn of the 18th-19th centuries
Petr Konashevich-Sagaydachny
(c. 1582-1622)
Military and political figure
The brilliant commander Peter Konashevich had such a strong influence in the Commonwealth that he was able to achieve for Ukraine, which was part of Poland, a status akin to autonomy. Moreover, he became Sagaydachny in the Zaporizhzhya Sich: for example, from the word sagaydak (a quiver for arrows), he was nicknamed by the Cossacks for his accuracy in archery and then was elected their leader several times.
Beginning in 1603, Sahaidachny, at the head of the Cossack troops, made a number of sea campaigns against the Turks. He created the largest flotilla in the history of the Zaporizhzhya Sich of 150 small seagull ships. With their help, he occupied the Turkish port of Trebizond, raided cities at the mouth of the Danube, and even burned part of the Turkish fleet in the suburbs of Istanbul.
In 1618, the Polish prince Vladislav decided to capture Moscow in order to be crowned on the throne there. Sagaydachny with the Cossack regiments also went on a campaign against Belokamennaya. And before the start of the campaign, he demanded from the king the full administrative autonomy of the Ukrainian lands as part of the Commonwealth. And the king agreed.
Later, the hetman made another political move - he obtained from the Jerusalem Patriarch the episcopal rank for several Ukrainian priests and restored the Kyiv Metropolis.
Sahaidachny died in battle: during the Polish-Turkish war in 1622, in the battle of Khotyn, he received injuries incompatible with life.
THUNDER OF THE BLACK SEA: The Cossack flotilla under the command of Pyotr Konashevich-Sagaydachny storms Kafa (present-day Feodosia), in which the largest slave market in the Crimea was located. The work of modern battle painter Artur Orlenov
Bohdan Khmelnytsky
(1595-1657)
Politician, hetman
B ogdan Khmelnytsky led the first successful Cossack uprising, the goal of which was the independence of the Ukrainian lands. He is the first hetman of the Ukrainian state that seceded from the Commonwealth.
The son of the elder of the city of Chigirin, he was educated at the Lvov Jesuit College. Having entered the royal service, he took part in many military campaigns against the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire and the Muscovite state. In the battle of Tsetsora, he was captured by the Turkish, from where he fled two years later.
Khmelnytsky had a long conflict with the princes of Konetspolsky, who ruled the Chyhyryn lands on behalf of the Polish king. After the ancestral village of Subotov was taken away from Khmelnytsky, he went to the Zaporozhian Sich, where the Cossacks elected him hetman. From there, he sent out universals to the people calling for an uprising that began in 1648. And the very next year, Khmelnytsky signed the Zborov agreement with the king, which determined the territory of the Ukrainian state within the borders of the Kyiv, Bratslav and Chernihiv voivodeships.
During the War of Independence, Khmelnytsky entered into a temporary coalition agreement with Tsar Alexei, which for a long time was considered an act of joining Ukraine to the Muscovite state.
FIRST HETMAN: Bogdan Khmelnitsky enters Kyiv on a white horse. Painting by Nikolay Ivasyuk, 1912
Petr Grave
(1596-1647)
Church and political figure, educator
With the efforts of Peter Mohyla, reconciliation was achieved in society, which split after the Union of Berestey, when part of the Orthodox church hierarchs recognized the supremacy of the Pope. Although Mogila was a Moldavian boyar and educated in Catholic schools in Poland, Holland and France, he was devoted to Orthodoxy. He was tonsured Mohyla at the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and at the age of 30 became its head - archimandrite. Here he set up book printing and founded a school, which later became the Kiev-Mohyla Academy - one of the oldest universities in Ukraine. Already in the 18th century, the academy became one of the best universities in Europe, where many hetmans, philosophers, architects and composers of that time studied.
Over time, Mohyla was elected Metropolitan of Kyiv, and before his death he bequeathed all his property - ten villages, a library and 81 thousand zlotys - to the future Kiev-Mohyla Academy.
Ivan Vygovsky
(c. 1608-1664)
Hetman
The Ukrainian hetman Ivan Vyhovsky, who received the mace after Bogdan Khmelnytsky, is famous for his desire to achieve independence of the Ukrainian Cossack state from the influence of Moscow. His greatest feat of arms was the defeat of Russian troops in the famous Konotop battle.
Vyhovsky was educated at the Kyiv fraternal school, worked for some time in the courts, and then entered the service in the army of the Commonwealth. He participated in many battles, fell into the Tatar captivity, from where he was redeemed by Khmelnitsky. In the Cossack army, he made a brilliant career - from the hetman's clerk to the head of the General Military Chancellery - the Cossack cabinet of ministers under the hetman.
Already as a hetman in 1658, Vyhovsky concludes the Gadyach Treaty, which is beneficial for Ukraine: the Cossack lands are part of the Commonwealth as the Russian principality, along with Poland and Lithuania.
However, he gradually loses the support of his comrades-in-arms and is forced to hand over the hetman's mace to Bogdan Khmelnitsky's son, Yuri. Later he tries to return to power, but loses the election to Pavel Tetera. His last political action was the organization of an anti-Polish uprising in Right-Bank Ukraine, which ended tragically for Vyhovsky.
THE HORROR OF MOSCOW: Vygovsky at the head of the Cossacks defeated the Moscow army near Konotop
Ivan Mazepa
(1639-1709)
Politician, hetman
And van Mazepa ruled Ukraine - part or all of its territory, which was part of the Muscovite state - for 22 years. Thus, he was the Ukrainian hetman for the longest term. Although Mazepa received the hetman's mace thanks to the direct intervention of Russian troops, he achieved virtually independent rule of the country.
Under Mazepa in Ukraine, many buildings were restored and built in the style of the baroque that reigned then in Europe. The money for this was allocated from the hetman's treasury.
Mazepa also sponsored educational institutions and achieved the status of an academy for the Kiev-Mohyla collegium. For a long time it was the only university in the Orthodox world where, in addition to theology, science courses were taught along the lines of European universities.
The hetman pursued a subtle foreign policy with the aim of finally dissociating Ukraine from the Muscovite kingdom. But the alliance concluded with the Swedish king Charles XII led to the defeat of the coalition troops near Poltava and the imminent death of Mazepa in exile.
The hetman's biography served as material for many writers, artists and composers, such as George Byron, Eugene Delacroix, Franz Liszt.
Pylyp Orlyk
(1672-1742)
Politician, hetman
Having received the hetman's mace after the death of Ivan Mazepa, Orlyk signed the document Treaties and Decrees, which is called the first Ukrainian Constitution.
He was elected hetman in 1710, after the coalition troops of the Swedish king Charles XII and hetman Ivan Mazepa were defeated by Russian troops near Poltava a year earlier. Then more than 4.5 thousand Cossacks followed their leader to Moldova, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire.
Orlyk's constitution is an agreement between the hetman and the Cossacks subordinate to him and their foremen. According to the document, the hetman limited his power, undertook to regulate relations between social groups, and also to fight for the political and ecclesiastical separation of Ukraine from Muscovy.
GRAINS OF DEMOCRACY: Pages of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk
Feofan Prokopovich
(1681-1736)
Writer, scientist, theologian
Feofan Prokopovich, a prominent Ukrainian intellectual of the Baroque era, became famous not only in his homeland - he became one of the most influential people at the court of the Russian Tsar Peter I.
Prokopovich received an excellent education - first at the Kiev-Mohyla Collegium and the Uniate Collegium in Vladimir-Volynsky, and then at the Vatican and educational institutions in France and Germany.
Returning to Ukraine, Prokopovich forever renounces Catholicism and begins teaching at the Kiev-Mohyla Collegium, for which he creates a course in rhetoric and rhetoric. Hetman Ivan Mazepa, as well as the Kyiv dignitaries of Peter I, highly appreciated his oratory skills. Moreover, the Russian tsar invited Prokopovich to St. Petersburg, where he began writing scientific treatises on astronomy, geography and physics.
Peter contributed to the appointment of Prokopovich as the head of the Holy Synod - in fact, the Russian Orthodox Church. This position does not prevent the scientist from taking part in the creation of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the so-called scientific team - a kind of college of the first Russian secular intellectuals.
EMPIRE IDEOLOGY: Prokopovich's treatise, in which he substantiated royal rights, was published in 1722
Grigory Skovoroda
(1722-1794)
Philosopher
Hryhoriy Skovoroda was the first to adapt the writings of ancient Greek philosophers for Ukrainian culture and academic education. Having studied the writings of Plato and his followers at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, he created his own system of views on their basis and became one of the most prominent Ukrainian philosophers.
The works of Skovoroda were published after his death, but even during the life of the thinker they were copied by hand - this is how they became popular. And his poems to the Skin City are in character and rights, everyone has their own mind and head were in the repertoire of wandering kobza musicians.
Srodna pratsia is the most popular theme of Skovoroda's reflections. The philosopher believed that each person should find his purpose in life and do what he has the greatest disposition for. Then he can be in harmony with himself and the world. Otherwise, when people are engaged in “non-native practice”, the earth is filled with evil.
Another theme - unequal equality - is depicted on the modern 500-hryvnia banknote. The philosopher compares God to a fountain that seethes with water and fills the vessels around with it. Although the vessels have an equal opportunity to receive enough water, everyone gets according to their volume, and it is different for everyone. In this metaphor, vessels are people. To overcome such inequality, you need to know your volume, in other words, to find “akin to practice”.
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNTAIN: With this drawing Grigory Skovoroda illustrated his theory of unequal equality
Maxim Berezovsky
(1745-1777)
Composer
Demofont, the author of the first Ukrainian opera and the creator of the classical choral concerto, was born in Hlukhiv, which was then the capital of Hetman Ukraine. Very young, Berezovsky mastered several musical instruments, and received his education at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, where he began to write music.
Berezovsky developed a clear, colorful bass early on, and it was selected for the court chapel of the Grand Duke of Russia, Pyotr Fedorovich, who lived on the outskirts of St. Petersburg. Here, a talented Ukrainian sang solo parts in Italian operas for the Russian aristocracy.
In 1769 he was sent to study at the Bologna Academy of Music. Berezovsky spent five years in Italy, and right there, in Livorno, the premiere of his famous opera took place. He graduated from the Academy with honors and returned to St. Petersburg to direct the court chapel. However, the contrast between the attitude towards musicians in Europe and Russia caused Berezovsky to have a nervous breakdown, because of which he died early. Only a small part of his works have survived to this day, however, all of them are known in the world.
Dmitry Bortnyansky
(1751-1825)
Composer
Dmitry Bortnyansky, a classic of Ukrainian music, is considered a pioneer in this area: he was the first to write large classical concertos for two choirs. Bortnyansky is also the author of six operas, and is famous as a talented singer and conductor.
He was born in the hetman's capital, Hlukhiv, and received his primary musical education at a school founded by the nominal ruler of Ukraine, Kirill Razumovsky. For excellent vocal abilities, he was selected to the chapel at the court of Prince Paul, son of Catherine II. For several years he lived in Italy, where he studied music with local composers. At the Venetian theater of San Benedetto, his first operas Creon and Alcides were a great success.
Returning to St. Petersburg, Bortnyansky became the court bandmaster, and was also appointed censor of all spiritual works created on the territory of the Russian Empire. His opera Sokol is the first opera written by a Ukrainian and staged in St. Petersburg.
Russian musicologists believe that Mikhail Glinka, Alexander Borodin and Pyotr Tchaikovsky will later use Bortnyansky's musical techniques in their works. Moreover, the latter will become the editor of the complete 10-volume edition of Bortnyansky's works.
ONE OF THE FIRST: Title page of the printed libretto of Dmitry Bortnyansky's opera Creon, staged in Venice, at the San Benedetto Theater in 1776
Artem Vedel
(1767-1808)
Composer, conductor, singer
Ukrainian Artem Vedel is one of the few world-class composers who has not written a single secular work. All his music - about 80 works, including 20 spiritual concertos - has a religious component. Moreover, according to experts, it was Vedel who elevated Ukrainian polyphonic choral singing to the heights of world musical art.
He received his musical education at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy and, as a student, led the academic choir. And his first great work - the Liturgy of John Chrysostom - Vedel wrote when he was barely 18 years old.
After graduation, Vedel was invited to Moscow, where he led the church chapels, which were under the jurisdiction of the Governor-General. Then the composer led the chapel at the headquarters of the Ukrainian Infantry Corps in Kyiv, and then organized the choir and orchestra of the Kharkov governorship.
In Kyiv, he continued to write music and think about God - for some time he even became a novice of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. The measured life of the musician-monk was changed by the unsubstantiated accusation that Vedel called Tsar Paul I a murderer. Then Vedel was declared mentally ill, and the musician spent the last nine years of his life in an insane asylum. Only at the end of his life did his father manage to take him home.
Ivan Kotlyarevsky
(1769-1838)
Poet, playwright
The poem Aeneid by Ivan Kotlyarevsky is the first work written in the Poltava dialect, which became the basis for the formation of the Ukrainian literary language. In the Aeneid, ancient heroes are depicted as Cossacks, which contributed to the wide popularity of the poem.
In 1796, the writer, who graduated from the theological seminary and was a home teacher, enters military service in the Seversky Carabinieri regiment. Then he participates in the Russian-Turkish war, and during Napoleon's campaign against Russia, he was instructed to form the 5th Ukrainian Cossack regiment, for which he received the rank of major.
Moreover, Kotlyarevsky set the condition that this unit after the war would remain a permanent Ukrainian military formation. However, the condition was not met.
Later, Kotlyarevsky directed the Poltava Free Theater and even wrote for him the play Natalka Poltavka and the vaudeville Moskal the Magician, which laid the foundation for the Ukrainian musical and drama theater.
UKRAINIAN HUMOR IN PETER: The first edition of Kotlyarevsky's Aeneid was published without the knowledge of the author
Nikolay Gogol
(1809-1852)
Writer
Nikolai Gogol outlined the main themes of Russian-language literature for two centuries to come - bribery in power, the stupidity of officials, the provincial narrow-mindedness of society. A native of Sorochintsy in the Poltava region, Gogol introduced Ukrainian romantic folklore, primarily demonology, into world culture by publishing a collection of short stories Evenings on a farm near Dikanka.
The first work of Gogol, which Emperor Nicholas I got acquainted with, was the comedy The Government Inspector, staged in 1836. The author himself was dissatisfied with the performance. His idea was almost avant-garde. After all, the final silent scene, when all the characters freeze upon learning that a real auditor has arrived in the city, is conceived to last at least ten minutes. Thus, the audience had to be confused, to think and understand that corruption - the main theme of the play - is everyone's problem.
But even without this, the Inspector liked the tsar, who, after watching it, said: “Well, what a play! Everyone got it, but me more than anyone!” The autocrat ordered all his ministers to watch the comedy.
Gogol's main work - the poem Dead Souls - is an equally sharp satire that is still relevant. What is the remark about the official, who "looked, and appeared somewhere at the end of the city house, bought in the name of his wife."
POEM IN PROSE: Second Edition dead souls Nikolai Gogol
Taras Shevchenko
(1814-1861)
Poet, prose writer, artist
And the name of Taras Shevchenko has become a symbol of freedom for many generations of Ukrainians, his philosophy has become a national idea, and his works have become an obligatory part of humanitarian education. In terms of significance for compatriots, literary critics equate his poetry collection Kobzar with the Gospel.
Many songs based on Shevchenko's verses have become popular, among them the Wide Roar and Stogne Dnipr, which in Soviet times was considered an informal national anthem. Shevchenko also created a poetic interpretation of the history of Ukraine: in poetic form and prose, he wrote many works about real life his contemporaries.
The great Ukrainian poet left his homeland at the age of 15, spoke Russian for most of his life, and returned to Ukraine only for a short time - 2.5 years. He graduated from the Art Academy in St. Petersburg and gained fame in Russian Empire as a painter and graphic artist.
At that time, Shevchenko was a serf, and the St. Petersburg artist Karl Bryullov, together with the writer Vasily Zhukovsky, organized a lottery, the funds from which allowed Shevchenko to gain freedom.
Today the great Ukrainian is one of the most published authors in the world. His Kobzar has been translated into more than 100 languages of the world, and monuments to Shevchenko stand in 35 countries. There are 1.384 of them in total. This is the largest number of monuments erected to a cultural figure.
Platon Simirenko
(1821-1863)
Entrepreneur, philanthropist
During his short life - only 42 years - Platon Simirenko managed to make a scientific and technological revolution on an all-Ukrainian scale. A graduate of the Paris Polytechnic Institute, Simirenko took over from his father the trading firm Brothers Yakhnenko and Simirenko and turned it, by modern standards, into an exemplary industrial holding.
INDUSTRIAL POWER: Sugar factory of brothers Yakhnenko and Simirenko in Gorodishche in Cherkasy region
Having staked on the sugar industry, the young entrepreneur built the first steam plant in the Russian Empire, equipped with the latest technologies. For its service, he attracted Western European engineers, and provided the Ukrainians who worked at the enterprise with a “social package” unprecedented for the times of serfdom.
Developing his business, Simirenko also built the first steamships in Ukraine - Ukrainian and Yaroslav, opening up export routes for Ukrainian sugar. He also went down in history as one of the most iconic domestic philanthropists - it was Simirenko's money that was used to publish the first Kobzar of Taras Shevchenko.
COMPANY LOGO: Label of sugar products of the factory of brothers Yakhnenko and Simirenko
Mikhail Dragomanov
(1841-1895)
Historian, folklorist, public figure
Mikhail Drahomanov is the first Ukrainian scientist who told the world community about the oppression of the Ukrainian language and culture in the Russian Empire. This was the subject of his report at the Paris Literary Congress of 1878. Two years earlier, Emperor Alexander II signed the so-called Em Decree, according to which it was forbidden to import into the Russian Empire and publish books in the Ukrainian language, stage Ukrainian theatrical performances, print notes with Ukrainian texts and teach in Ukrainian.
Dragomanov graduated from Kyiv University and later taught history there. He organized the cultural and educational society Staraya Hromada. For participation in it, he was expelled from the university and was forced to emigrate to Europe.
Last years Drahomanov spent his life in the Bulgarian capital Sofia, where he was invited to the local university as a professor of history.
FOR THE RIGHTS OF UKRAINIANS: Monument to Mikhail Dragomanov in Kyiv in front of the university that bears his name
Nikolay Lysenko
(1842-1912)
Composer, pianist
The writings of Natalka Poltavka and Taras Bulba, written by Mykola Lysenko, have not left the stages of Ukrainian theaters for a century and a half, and their author is the founder of Ukrainian opera and symphonic music.
Although Lysenko graduated from the Faculty of Natural History at Kyiv University, thanks to his abilities as a virtuoso pianist, he made a career as a musician. However, he received his musical education in Leipzig, and studied opera in St. Petersburg with Rimsky-Korsakov.
The composer was a member of cultural and educational organizations that promoted Ukrainian culture at home and in Europe. During his foreign trips, he gave concerts, performing his own adaptations of folk songs. The then critics compared his style of playing with such virtuosos as Franz Liszt and Frederic Chopin.
In 1872, when the first performance of the Ukrainian musical theater took place in Kyiv, the opera Chernomortsy was chosen for the premiere, the music for which was written by Lysenko.
Ivan Pulyuy
(1845-1918)
Physicist, public figure, translator
Yi van Pului invented a device for medical research using x-ray radiation. The author of this innovative technology was born in Grimailov near Ternopil on the territory of Austria-Hungary, graduated from the University of Vienna and then worked in it. Corresponding with a colleague from Germany, Wilhelm Roentgen, he shared his scientific experiments. As a result, the German patented a device with X-radiation, although he knew that a Ukrainian had invented it 12 years earlier.
Pulyui closely communicated with Ukrainian writers. Together with Panteleimon Kulish and Ivan Nechuy-Levitsky, he translated the Gospel from ancient Greek into Ukrainian, which was published in Lviv with the help of Pulyui.
As a student, he created one of the first public organizations of Ukrainians in Austria-Hungary - the Vienna Sich. And when he became a professor at the University of Prague, he opened a fund to support Ukrainian students. He was the first to formulate the thesis: "Independent Ukraine is the key to the hall of peaceful Europe." In the 20th century, it will be repeated by US Secretary of State Zbigniew Brzezinski, and it will become one of the principles of global international relations.
Two years before his death, Puluy received an invitation to become the Minister of Education of Austria-Hungary, but declined due to health reasons.
CONVENTIONAL INVENTION: A device for determining body heat, designed by Pulyui
Ilya Mechnikov
(1845-1916)
Biologist
The Obel Prize of Ilya Mechnikov, received by him in 1908 for the discovery of the mechanisms of immunity, became the first Nobel Prize in history, which Ukraine can write to its own account. The outstanding biologist was born in the Kharkov province, graduated from the local university and worked for a long time in Odessa as a professor at the university (now he bears the name of Mechnikov) and headed the first bacteriological station in the Russian Empire.
In 1883, it was in Odessa that Mechnikov made a report on his main discovery - phagocytosis, the process of absorption of foreign objects by a cell, due to which immunity is formed. In addition, the scientist left the world the most important developments in the field of microbiology, embryology, cytology, the fight against tuberculosis, and also created his own theory about the aging of the body.
When Mechnikov decided to leave Russia in 1887, all doors were open to him in Europe: until the end of his life, the scientist worked at the Louis Pasteur Institute in Paris.
ALL FOR SCIENCE: Before his death, Ilya Mechnikov bequeathed his body for medical research
Bogdan Khanenko
(1849-1917)
Patron, collector
The descendant of a glorious family of Cossack foremen, Bogdan Khanenko managed to take Ukrainian history even more important place. Domestic museums owe him the richest collection of art objects and archaeological finds, which Khanenko, together with his wife Varvara, collected all his life and bequeathed to Ukraine. Moreover, the maiden name of Varvara Khanenko is Tereshchenko, she comes from a family of famous Ukrainian sugar producers and patrons of art.
A successful businessman and a certified lawyer who worked for a long time in St. Petersburg and Warsaw, Khanenko methodically bought world masterpieces of painting not only in the Russian Empire, but also in Austria, Italy, Spain, France, and Germany. It was he who became the main ideologist and "motor" of the creation of the Kyiv Art, Industrial and Scientific Museum - now it is the National Art Museum of Ukraine. Even during his lifetime, he gave him his entire unique archaeological collection - the philanthropist carried out excavations at his own expense in the Kyiv province.
Today, the National Museum of Art named after Bohdan and Varvara Khanenko, located in the center of Kyiv in the house where the spouses lived (pictured), is the largest collection of foreign art in Ukraine.
Maria Zankovetskaya
(1854-1934)
Actress
The heyday of Ukrainian dramaturgy at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries required vivid images on the stage as well. Maria Zankovetska, one of the best actresses in the history of Ukraine and all of Eastern Europe, became the face of the new theater. Over the years of work in the leading Ukrainian troupes of that time - with Mark Kropyvnytsky, Mykhailo Starytsky, Nikolai Sadovsky, Panas Saksagansky - Zankovetskaya played more than 30 roles, almost all of them not in the classics, but in the plays of Ukrainian playwrights written in those years.
Despite the most difficult censorship conditions for the domestic theater in tsarist Russia, the actress was very popular, and her tours in Moscow and St. Petersburg were a great success. The game of Zankovetskaya conquered even Emperor Alexander III, and for many years the leading Russian theaters invited the actress to their place - however, to no avail.
She made a huge contribution to the development of the theater in Ukraine: together with Sadovsky, she created the first Ukrainian stationary theater in Kyiv (1907), directed the People's Theater in Nizhyn (1918), and participated in the founding of the People's Theater in Kyiv (1918).
MEZZO-SOPRANO: Maria Zankovetskaya in Nikolai Lysenko's operetta Chernomortsy
Ivan Franko
(1856-1916)
Writer, publicist, public figure
For Ukrainian culture, which for a long time developed not thanks to, but in spite of, Ivan Franko became an unprecedented iconic figure. A talented poet, prose writer and playwright who almost won the Nobel Prize in Literature, Franko, in fact, created the Ukrainian analogue of Balzac's The Human Comedy - he depicted the Ukraine of his time in a whole series of socio-psychological works. Also, many of his poetic works for supporters of independent Ukraine have become programmatic. And Franco's historical prose is classified as a national classic of the first echelon.
Being fluent in many languages, he translated dozens of world literary classics into Ukrainian, and many of them received Ukrainian translation for the first time: from Homer, Dante and Shakespeare to Goethe, Mickiewicz and Zola. As an ethnographer, Franko streamlined tons of folklore, published a number of important works on literary theory, history, economics of Ukraine and philosophy, and was one of the leading publicists of his time.
The Franco-politician stood at the origins of the first Ukrainian parties, insisting on expanding the political rights of Ukrainians and their culture - it was not without reason that even in his youth he was arrested three times. And contrary to the opinion of many Galician compatriots, the writer insisted on the commonality of all Ukrainian lands and urged not to divide Ukrainians into “Galician” or “Bukovina”.
Nikolay Pimonenko
(1862-1912)
Painter
The talent of Nikolai Pimonenko was lucky enough to be appreciated during his lifetime. A master of everyday painting, who in his paintings depicted not a static landscape, but a living Ukraine, Pimonenko was the most famous artist in the entire Russian Empire.
Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, he became a member of the famous association of "Wanderers" artists, regularly participated in international exhibitions - in Berlin, Paris, Munich, London. At one of the Parisian art salons, his work Gopak was awarded a gold medal, it was even bought by the Louvre.
Pimonenko, who received primary art education at the Kyiv drawing school famous Nicholas Murashko spent most of his life in Kyiv, traveling to the outskirts of the city to sketch. He did a lot for the development of art in Ukraine - he stood at the origins of the Kyiv Art School, and also taught graphics at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute.
VICTIMS OF FANATISM: The work of Pimonenko in 1899, in which the artist depicted a real conflict in the Jewish community of Kremenets - there fellow believers beat a girl who fell in love with a Ukrainian guy
Vladimir Vernadsky
(1863-1945)
Natural scientist, philosopher
Vladimir Vernadsky became the first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (UAS), established in 1918 in Kyiv under Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky. He headed UAN for three years. During this time, the main institutes of the academy and the scientific library, the largest in present-day Ukraine, were created.
Although Vernadsky's scientific activity took place mainly in Russia, he enthusiastically accepted the independence of Ukraine in 1917.
Vernadsky organized many geological expeditions - from the Urals to the south of Ukraine - to study natural resources. He was the first in the Russian Empire to draw attention to the need for research on radioactive minerals, which is why he is considered the ideologist and founder of the nuclear power industry in Ukraine and Russia.
The doctrine of the noosphere - the most important scientific and philosophical theory of Vernadsky - remains relevant to this day. Noosphere - the totality of all the minds on the planet, existing in interaction. This teaching is important for understanding how humanity can use the sphere of inanimate nature and the biosphere in order to renew them and live in harmony.
SCIENTIFIC AWARD: Modern Russian Order of the Star of Vernadsky
Vladislav Gorodetsky
(1863-1930)
Architect
In Ladislav Gorodetsky lived in Kyiv for three decades, designing and building buildings for this city that made it unique. Among his works are the National Bank, the Art Museum, the Church of St. Nicholas, the House with Chimeras and other buildings, which today have become the most striking sights of Kyiv in the field of architecture.
Moreover, Gorodetsky had his own For cement plant, which allowed him to freely embody the most innovative ideas.
The architect also headed the urban planning department of the Kyiv City Duma. He was responsible for the design of the streets and approved the designs for the original buildings for Kyiv. In addition, Gorodetsky designed buildings for Uman, Cherkassy, several cities in Poland. Then he was invited to work in Tehran, and for this city he created his last buildings.
CHIMERA CHARM: House built by Vladislav Gorodetsky for his family in 1901-1903
Olga Kobylyanska
(1863-1942)
Writer
One of the first feminists in Ukrainian literature and public life, Olga Kobylyanska was a recognized master of psychological prose. In her short stories, short stories and stories, Kobylyanska depicted the problems of the Ukrainian intelligentsia of her generation and a picture of the life of Bukovinian villages.
Her story Earth was admired by the best writers of that time, including Mykhailo Kotsyubinsky, Lesya Ukrainka and Ivan Franko. Moreover, the latter called this work "a document of the way of thinking of our people."
The personal life of the writer did not work out. For a long time, her romance with the writer Osip Makovei lasted - mainly in letters. However, this story did not end with marriage.
FROM GERMAN TO UKRAINIAN: Edition of the novel Nature in 1897. It was first published in German
Mikhail Kotsiubinsky
(1864-1913)
Writer
Among domestic classics, experts consider Mikhail Kotsyubinsky one of the most underestimated by the general reader. In addition to Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, a masterpiece about the soul and life of the Ukrainian Hutsuls, Kotsiubynskyi also introduced an absolutely new, modernist style of writing to Ukrainian literature.
The writer had an excellent education, knew nine languages, including gypsy. He was familiar with many celebrities of his time, was friends with the composer Nikolai Lysenko, and when he went to treat tuberculosis in Capri, he stayed there with Maxim Gorky.
Kotsiubinsky was called an impressionist writer - like the artists of this trend, he created his stories and short stories (Apple Blossom, Intermezzo, etc.) from dozens of moments, strokes, sensations, which was fresh and new for the writers of that time. In addition, Kotsiubynsky was a brilliant master of psychological storytelling and, in addition to plots from the history of Ukraine (Fata Morgana, Dear price), he turned to topics rare for Ukrainian literature - for example, he studied the personality of the executioner in the story Persona grata.
PREMIERE OF THE STORY: First edition of Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors
Andrey Sheptytsky
(1865-1944)
Primate of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
While leading the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) in the most difficult years for Ukraine, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky managed to make it not only a religious, but also a cultural, social and economic center.
A descendant of a famous Galician noble family and a doctor of law, Sheptytsky took monastic orders in 1888. Church activities allowed him to become one of the most authoritative figures in all of Eastern Europe.
He reformed theological education, founded the Lviv Theological Academy (the only Ukrainian university in Poland at that time), from where he sent the best students to study abroad. Under Sheptytsky, the UGCC first began to use live Ukrainian language in the liturgies.
Possessing a considerable fortune, Sheptytsky became a philanthropist. With his money or with his assistance, the National Museum in Lviv was opened with a huge collection of icons, a library, a people's hospital, several gymnasiums, a Land Bank and a credit union. Sheptytsky also patronized young Ukrainian artists, establishing a special scholarship for them.
BLESSING: Sheptytsky's welcome letter regarding the resumption Ukrainian state in Lvov on July 13, 1941
Mikhail Grushevsky
(1866-1934)
Historian, politician
Mikhail Grushevsky is famous as the creator of the first fundamental research on national history— History of Ukraine-Rus. This work took Hrushevsky three decades, and these years also included the time of the creation of the Ukrainian Independent Republic, when the scientist was the head of the first national parliament - the Central Rada.
Grushevsky graduated from Kyiv University, at the age of 28 he became a professor of world history at Lviv University. Two years later, he was elected head of the Taras Shevchenko Scientific Society, a kind of Ukrainian Academy of Sciences on the territory of Austria-Hungary.
With the outbreak of World War I, the scientist ends up in Kyiv, where he is arrested for his pro-Austrian views. He spent three years in exile in Kazan and Simbirsk, and then left for Moscow.
In 1917, Grushevsky had the opportunity to return to Kyiv, where by that time he had already been elected head of the Central Rada in absentia. In this position, he worked on the Constitution of Ukraine and signed four universals - the last one proclaimed the independence of the country.
When the Bolsheviks came to Kyiv, Grushevsky was already living in Prague, and then in Vienna. But in 1924 he returned to Kyiv again. With the onset of Stalinist repressions, the authorities begin to suspect him of leading the non-existent Ukrainian Nationalist Center. A scientist is not shot just because he is dying of an illness.
NEW CHRONICLE: Illustrated History of Ukraine Hrushevsky, 1913
Bogdan Kistyakovsky
(1868-1920)
Lawyer, philosopher, sociologist
B ogdan Kistiakovsky is a brilliant representative of the Ukrainian intelligentsia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, whose professional enthusiasm and national consciousness were many years ahead of their time. Treatises in the field of the theory of law and sociology and philosophical works of Kistyakovsky became the most important milestone in Russian and European science. His concept of the rule of law, ideas about civil society and national sovereignty are still relevant today.
For pro-Ukrainian views and participation in underground student circles, Kistiakovsky was expelled from three universities in the Russian Empire, but he received an excellent education at the Universities of Berlin and Strasbourg. In the latter he defended his thesis Society and individuality, which became famous in the German philosophical environment.
In addition, Kistiakovsky was one of the founders of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, taught at Kiev University and headed the Kyiv branch of the Liberation Union, a secret organization that intended to limit the autocracy in the Russian Empire.
Lesya Ukrainka
(1871-1913)
Poetess
Ivan Franko once called Lesya Ukrainka the only man in all of Ukraine, noting that she has no equal among our contemporary poets. Classic did not exaggerate. Lesya Ukrainka, who was given only 42 years of life by fate, enriched Ukrainian poetry with absolute perfection of form, a variety of universal themes and a multitude of poetic genres.
Her dramatic poems (Stone Gospodar, Obsessed, Cassandra and others) are staged again and again on the stages of domestic theaters, and the famous drama-extravaganza Lisova song gave Ukraine a whole cultural layer - based on its motives, a ballet and many theatrical versions were staged, several screen adaptations were filmed.
Despite a serious illness - bone tuberculosis - the poetess was distinguished by her colossal capacity for work and fortitude, which became one of the main motives of her lyrics. Lesya Ukrainka spoke several languages and was one of the best translators in Ukrainian literature: she translated Heinrich Heine, Adam Mickiewicz, Victor Hugo, Homer and other world classics.
ITALIAN TRAIL: Memorial plaque on the house in San Remo, where Lesya Ukrainka lived
Vasily Stefanik
(1871-1936)
Writer
Vasily Stefanyk's novels stunned the Ukrainian literary environment at the beginning of the 20th century. He became the first domestic expressionist writer: his concise, poignant sketches-tragedies from the life of Ukrainian peasants simultaneously depicted the drama of the whole people and the tragedy of the human person.
During his lifetime, the writer published five collections of stories, and all of them aroused the astonishment of the critics of that time, were published in Canada and the Czech Republic.
Stefanyk was an active member of the Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party (RURP) - the first domestic political force that united the entire color of the intelligentsia and insisted on self-government in Ukraine. As a delegate from the RURP, the writer was a member of the Austrian parliament in 1908-1918, where he defended the rights of Ukrainians and other peoples to self-determination.
Ivan Piddubny
(1871-1949)
Wrestler, athlete, artist
A native of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, Ivan Piddubny glorified his ancestors throughout the planet. An epic strongman, the first six-time world champion in Greco-Roman wrestling, he was known as a phenomenal athlete and did not lose a single tournament in his life, although he completed his performances at the age of 70.
Both on the wrestling mat, and in the circus arena, and during personal tours, Piddubny was a huge success with the public. The Ukrainian strongman, who defeated the strongest fighters in the world, conquered four continents and more than fifty cities, including in the USA and Western Europe.
By the way, when in the USSR he was given a passport with the nationality “Russian” and a surname written in Russian, the athlete, who was born in the Poltava region, personally changed his data in the document to “Piddubny” and “Ukrainian”.
BOGATYR: No one in the world could beat Piddubny on the wrestling mat for 25 years
Solomiya Krushelnytska
(1872-1952)
Opera singer
Her voice was applauded by the best concert halls of the world and several continents: in the heyday of her fame, Ukrainian Solomiya Krushelnytska conquered opera houses throughout Western Europe, Poland, Russia, and even exotic Egypt, Chile and Argentina. Her repertoire included the main roles in the most iconic operas - Giuseppe Verdi's Aida, Georges Bizet's Carmen, Eugene Onegin and Pyotr Tchaikovsky's Queen of Spades.
In 1904, it was Krushelnytska who saved the famous Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini - after the debut failure on the stage, the composer finalized the opera and entrusted the main part to the Ukrainian woman. This time the work was a huge success and since then has not left the world stages.
After leaving the opera, Krushelnytska also performed successfully in concerts in Europe and America, invariably including Ukrainian songs in her programs. In recent years, the singer lived in Lviv, the city of her youth, where she graduated from the conservatory and achieved her first stage success.
Pavel Skoropadsky
(1873-1945)
Political figure
Pavel Skoropadsky, heir to an old Ukrainian noble family, built a brilliant military career, participating in the Russo-Japanese and World War I. And during the revolutionary events in Ukraine in 1917, the delegates of the congress of the Free Cossacks in Chigirin elected him their ataman.
He was alien to the socialist ideas of the Central Rada, the first Ukrainian parliament. And after the Bolshevik coup in St. Petersburg, he agreed with the first generalists of the new government about the independence of Ukraine.
In February-March 1918, the Russian Bolsheviks invaded Ukraine and occupied Kyiv for three weeks. The Central Rada was evacuated from the city, and soon German troops entered there, with the support of which Skoropadsky proclaimed himself hetman of Ukraine.
During the seven and a half months of the Hetmanate, economic stability was established in the country. Skoropadasky opened the Academy of Sciences, the National Historical Museum, a library, Ukrainian universities in Kyiv and Kamenets-Podolsky, 150 Ukrainian schools, for which several million textbooks were published in their native language.
COSSACK KIND: Family coat of arms of the Skoropadskys
Alexander Murashko
(1875-1919)
Painter
One of the first Ukrainian impressionists, Oleksandr Murashko was a celebrity not only at home, but also in Europe, where before the October Revolution of 1917 he often traveled and even lived there for several years. However, he received his primary art education at the drawing school of his uncle, the famous artist Nikolai Murashko. This allowed him to enter the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts in the class of Ilya Repin, who was very sympathetic to Ukraine.
Then he got acquainted with world painting in Europe, and returning to Kyiv, his works attracted the attention of the general public and emerging artists. In 1913, Murashko opened a studio in the attic of the first "skyscraper" in the Russian Empire - the 11-story Ginzburg building on Institutskaya Street in Kyiv. Many young artists dream of becoming his students.
With the formation of the Ukrainian People's Republic, Murashko takes part in the creation of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts - he had long dreamed of this. He died from a bullet from a Bolshevik patrol, as he violated curfew.
RURAL FAMILY: Painting Murashko 1914
Nikolai Leontovich
(1877-1921)
Composer
Thanks to Nikolai Leontovich, the whole world sings at Christmas by the Ukrainian Shchedryk, known in English as Carol of the Bells. The composer thought about its arrangement throughout his life - five editions of the choral chants of the song are known.
Leontovich received his musical education at the Seminary of Kamenets-Podolsky. Then he worked as a teacher in the village of Chukovo (now the Nemirovsky district of the Vinnitsa region). There he created an amateur symphony orchestra, which performed folk melodies processed by him.
In 1904, the composer went to work as a school teacher in the Donbass at the Grishino railway station (now Krasnoarmeysk, Donetsk region). Here he creates a chorus of workers, for which he writes his first works.
In 1917, with the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic, Leontovich moved to Kyiv. Here he creates his first symphonic works, begins to write the opera On the Rusalchin Velikden. And after the Bolsheviks came to power, he left for Tulchin (now the regional center of the Vinnitsa region), where he founded a music school. In 1921, his life was tragically cut short: a Chekist who asked to spend the night with the composer robbed the house and shot the owner.
SHCHEDRIK IN METAL: Commemorative coin with notes of the famous carol
Kazimir Malevich
(1879-1935)
Painter
Art historians refer Kazimir Malevich, born in Kyiv, to the highest echelon of avant-garde artists, his exhibitions are hosted by the best museums on the planet, and his paintings become the top lots of auctions. So, in 2014, a retrospective of Malevich’s works was held at the famous British gallery Tate Modern, and a few years ago his painting Suprematist Composition went under the hammer at Sotheby’s for $60 million. This is one of the record sales for an artist in the post-Soviet space.
Malevich, who extolled non-objective painting, founded its new direction - Suprematism - and became an influential art theorist. He devoted no less time to substantiating his works than to creating them, and during his lifetime he was recognized as one of the world's leading avant-garde artists. His exhibitions were held in Warsaw, Berlin, Vienna.
The artist, who often called himself a Ukrainian, was born into a Polish family in Kyiv and spent part of his life working in the Ukrainian capital, where he first studied at the Kyiv Drawing School and later taught at the Kiev Art Institute. However, the most famous work of Malevich Black Square is in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow.
BLACK SQUARE: Work by Kazimir Malevich 1915
Simon Petlyura
(1879-1926)
Political figure
Symon Petlyura, once a literary and theater critic, made a dizzying career: he became the head of the first revolutionary government of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR). Previously, he headed the Ministry of Military Affairs of the UNR and was the organizer of the armed forces of the republic in 1918.
And Petlyura began his political career with journalism. During the First World War, he wrote the program article War and Ukrainians, in which he argued for the need to obtain greater political and cultural rights for compatriots within the Russian Empire.
“He is from the breed of leaders, a man from that dough that once, in the old days, dynasties were founded, and in our democratic time they become national heroes,” a contemporary wrote about Petliura.
During the peak of his political power, the unification of the UNR and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic took place. However, this political union soon fell apart. At the same time, Petlyura himself began a subtle diplomatic game with neighboring Poland, in which he saw an ally in the fight against Bolshevik Russia.
However, his plans were not destined to come true: he was forced to emigrate and ended up in Paris. On a sunny May day in 1926, he was shot on the street by an unknown person, presumably an NKVD agent.
Vladimir Vinnichenko
(1880-1951)
Political and public figure, writer
The three-volume memoirs of Volodymyr Vynnychenko Resurrection of the Nation are considered the most valuable source on the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1919. Vinnichenko held in his hands its most important threads.
He headed the first Ukrainian government, created in 1917 by the Central Rada, and was the main author of all declarations, universals and legislative acts of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR). Vinnichenko also headed the directorate of the UNR, which replaced Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky. Even after emigrating in 1919 and never returning to Ukraine, Vynnichenko was looking for ways to influence what was happening in the country for a long time.
However, he himself often called literature, and not politics, his life's work. Vinnichenko, who worked in the style of psychological realism, masterfully succeeded not only in small genres - stories and short stories, but also in novels and dramas. The most famous of his plays, Black Panther and the White Bear, was filmed in Germany during the life of the writer, and also staged on the theater stage by his great contemporary, director Les Kurbas.
REVIVAL OF A NATION: The first edition of Vinnichenko's book, in which he analyzed the events in Ukraine in 1917-1919 and proposed further ways of developing the country
Alexandra Exter
(1882-1949)
Artist, set designer, graphic artist
Paris, London, Berlin, New York, Prague are just some of the cities where Alexandra Exter's solo exhibitions were held during her lifetime. She was one of the most notable avant-garde artists of her time, her bold experiments delighted the world and became one of the best examples of Suprematism and Cubo-Futurism.
The artist, who was educated at the Kiev Art School, continued it in Paris, where she entered the circle of the European creative elite. Since then, she has been a full participant in all first-class art shows in France and Italy, and since 1924 she has constantly lived abroad.
Exter is also known as a talented film and theater artist. As a set designer, for the first time she used the entire space of the theater stage, and the costumes she designed corresponded to the innovative spirit of stage and film productions of the early twentieth century.
VANGUARD: Costume design for the play Famira-kifared based on the play by Innokenty Annensky
Mikhail Boychuk
(1882-1937)
Painter
Mikhail Boychuk, the founder of the school of Ukrainian monumental painting, was born in the village of Romanovka near Ternopil in a family of simple peasants. However, he managed to get an excellent education: with the money of the Taras Shevchenko Society and personally Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky, he went to study at the Vienna Art Academy, and then graduated from Krakow. Then there was the Munich Academy, life in Paris and travels in Italy, where he also studied art.
In 2011, Boychuk returned to Ukraine, where he was invited to paint old churches after restoration. In 1917, Boychuk took part in the creation of the Kyiv Art Academy, restored mosaics in St. Sophia Cathedral. However, the energy of the revolution brings the artist out of the temple to the street: he is fond of street propaganda, decorates the central squares of large cities and party congresses for the holidays.
At this time, Boychuk began to be called the Ukrainian Siqueiros - in honor of the great Mexican muralist. He has disciples and followers.
With the beginning of the Stalinist repressions, the authorities accuse the artist of bourgeois nationalism, since in his works he gravitated towards the Ukrainian theme. In 1937, Boychuk was arrested and executed for "espionage". Almost all of his works were destroyed.
YOUNG WOMAN: The work of Mikhail Boychuk miraculously survived, although it was cut up after the arrest and execution of the artist
Today is World Science Day. And there is something to celebrate, at least in Ukraine. In particular, every year Ukrainian scientists create about 15 thousand inventions! By the holiday, the editors of Channel 24 want to tell you about nine scientists whose inventions turned the world upside down.
Joseph Timchenko
Joseph Timchenko
Who are the parents of cinema? The Lumiere Brothers? Yes and no. Indeed, 2 years before their discovery, the Ukrainian mechanic Iosif Timchenko and physicist Nikolai Lyubimov developed the "snail" jump mechanism. Namely, its principle of operation was the basis for the creation of a kinescope! Therefore, Timchenko is the true father of cinematography.
In 1893 in Ukraine (namely, in Odessa) they showed two films shot with the help of the first kinescope. Timchenko ahead of Lumiere! What is the point then? His device was not patented ... By the way, Timchenko's kinescope is still kept in the storerooms of the Polytechnic Museum (in Moscow).
However, this is not all the achievements of the scientist! He is the author of automatic, meteorological, physical and astronomical instruments. For them, he has repeatedly received the highest awards at world exhibitions. He took part in the creation of the first model of the Freudenberg automatic telephone exchange.
Igor Sikorsky
Igor Sikorsky - the creator of the helicopter
The project of a miracle machine that flies and is now known as a helicopter was developed by Ukrainian Igor Sikorsky.
A Kyiv aircraft designer who emigrated to the United States patented his invention in 1931. And at 39 helicopter tests began. For a year, Sikorsky lifted the car into free flight. The first order was for the US Army. And then Sikorsky became the owner of a powerful concern. In general, Sikorsky's firm ("Sikorsky Aircraft") created 17 basic aircraft and 18 helicopters.
Sergei Korolev
Sergei Korolev - the man who "launched" Gagarin into space
Ukraine is a space power, in this area we are still not lagging behind. And it all started, probably, with Sergei Korolev, who is considered almost the founder of astronautics! It was under his leadership that the first intercontinental ballistic missile, the first artificial Earth satellite, the first manned space flight and manned spacewalk were launched.
It all started with the fact that he and Friedrich Zander created a public organization for the study of jet propulsion. Later, it grew into a research and development laboratory for the development of rocket aircraft.
Petr Bobonich
Petr Bobonich
The life of people with diabetes is hard and no one will argue with that. But a scientist from Transcarpathia, Petr Bobonich, found a way to make their life much easier!
He invented a glucometer (a device for measuring blood sugar levels) in the form of a wristwatch. With this device, diabetics can check their blood sugar levels at any time. You don't need to donate blood for this. Also, his glucometer can be used to administer insulin using an insulin pump, which is programmed through the glucometer-watch. Bobonic developed and patented attachments for mobile devices for measuring blood glucose concentration in diabetic patients.
He is also the author of an optical tomograph for diagnosing breast disease in women. This device could make it possible to diagnose diseases without the use of x-rays, which are harmful to humans.
Eugene and Boris Paton
It turns out that you can cook not only metal
Father and son whose inventions the whole world uses! Evgeny Paton is the inventor of various methods of electric welding. His methods are still in use today.
The son followed in the footsteps of his father and also studied electric welding. But he went much further! His idea is welding of living tissues! Under the leadership of Boris Paton, scientists conducted experiments that proved the possibility of obtaining a welded joint of various animal soft tissues using the bipolar coagulation method. Later, experiments began on welding tissues of remote human organs. This is an incredibly important discovery for medicine!
Nikolai Amosov
Amosov - a man with a big heart
Another genius of medicine is the legendary man Nikolai Amosov. This eminent surgeon was the first to perform prosthetics of the mitral valve of the heart. He was also the first in the world to introduce prosthetic heart valves with antithrombotic properties.
Amosov is also known as the developer of his own health promotion system. His book "Reflections on Health" was published in a huge circulation - 7 million copies!
Anatoly Malykhin
Which of us in childhood was not afraid to donate blood for analysis?
Blood test without blood? No, this is not fantasy. It . It was he who came up with how to find out the state of the blood without damaging the patient's skin.
5 sensors are attached per person (2 on the neck near the carotid artery, 2 under the armpits and the last one on the stomach). So they can determine 131 indicators of a patient's health! The development of the Ukrainian continued for 25 years. The data accuracy is up to 98%, which is not inferior to the traditional method. However, the advantages of Bioluch are overshadowed by the price. You will have to pay 20 thousand dollars for a miracle device.
And while Ukrainians are being tortured with routine blood tests in queues and on an empty stomach, the Ukrainian invention is actively used in China, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Egypt and Mexico.
Vyacheslav Petrov
Do you remember such a thing as a CD?
Today the CD is a rarity. But there was a time that all the information was stored on these shiny mugs. Films, music, photos.
However, did you know that the first version of the CD was developed by Ukrainian cyberneticist Vyacheslav Petrov? And it happened back in the 1960s! True, then the disk was created for a supercomputer. And its development was purely scientific in nature.
Marina Vyazovskaya
Marina Vyazovskaya
And just recently, the world was shocked by a young Ukrainian scientist Marina Vyazovskaya. She solved one of the most difficult mathematical problems of the present, over which scientists have struggled for several centuries.
Its achievement is of great importance for error correction in mobile phones, the Internet and space exploration. She now lives in Germany. After all, it is much more difficult to realize yourself as a scientist in your homeland, unfortunately.
The editors of Channel 24 congratulate all those involved in the Day of Science. We sincerely hope that soon the work of scientists will be appreciated!