Africa in the Middle Ages. Medieval Africa the military class in Egypt was formed from

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Repetition of what has been covered

Complete the task.

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Lesson assignment

Why did African states lag behind European countries in their development?

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Introduction.

Many historians believed that the peoples of most of Africa, inhabited by blacks, did not create anything valuable in culture and their history began with the advent of Europeans. The study of the history of the African continent, which began relatively recently, refuted this theory.

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1. Peoples of Africa

The peoples of Africa in different parts of the continent developed unevenly. Tribes of Pygmies, Bushmen and others lived in the tropical forests of Central Africa. They were hunters and gatherers. The nomads of Southern Sahara raised livestock and exchanged it for the products and things they needed.
photo. Pygmies

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Peoples of Africa

Other peoples were engaged in agriculture. Mostly millet and rice were sown, beans and vegetables were grown, cotton, sugar cane and coconut palms were planted. Africans have been smelting iron in clay furnaces since ancient times. Craftsmen made tools, weapons, dishes, fabrics, glass and leather items. Africans learned early to tame elephants and used them in various jobs and battles.
photo. African house

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In the vast plains between the Niger and Senegal rivers, in the valleys of these rivers, Western Sudan is located. A lot of gold was mined here. There were legends about the wealth of Sudan in the Middle Ages. One Arab geographer reported that here “gold grows in the sand, just like carrots, and is harvested at sunrise.” The most important trade routes from the Gulf of Guinea to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea passed through Western Sudan. Farmers traded with nomads who lived on the border of the Sahara: in exchange for salt, hides and livestock, the nomads received grain and handicrafts. The journey through the Sahara Desert was difficult and dangerous. More than a dozen caravans died here from thirst or attacks by nomads.
photo. Port

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West Africa

The most ancient state of Sudan was Ghana, which achieved power in the 10th century. The king of Ghana and the family nobility became rich from trading in gold and salt. The king had a large army, consisting of detachments of archers and cavalry.
In the capital of Ghana, a special royal quarter with a palace, sanctuary and prison was surrounded by walls. Solemn royal receptions were held here. In another part of the city, mosques and houses of Arab merchants were built.
photo. Warrior Archers

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At the end of the 11th century, the troops of the Sultan of the Arab state of Morocco (North Africa) captured and destroyed the capital of Ghana. The king undertook to pay tribute to the Sultan and, together with the nobility, converted to Islam. The rebellious population soon expelled the Moroccans, but Ghana's territory was reduced and it submitted to the state of Mali.
photo. Settling in Mali

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The heyday of Mali dates back to the 13th century, when its rulers conquered neighboring territories where caravan routes passed and gold was mined. The ruler and his entourage converted to Islam. After this, Muslim merchants from North Africa settled in the cities.
rice. Mansa Musa - ruler of Mali

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Later, in the 15th century, the Songhai state strengthened. The expansion of its borders was achieved during the reign of the energetic, warlike Ali Ber (1464-1492). He built a large river fleet; Severe discipline was introduced in the army. Ali Ber spent almost his entire life hiking. He managed to annex the main cities of Sudan to his possessions. In African tales and legends, Ali Ber appears as a wizard who could fly, become invisible and turn into a snake.
rice. Ali Ber

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Rulers and nobles kept 500-1000 dependent people on their lands, who were settled in special villages. Dependent people paid rent to the owner and taxes to the state. Free community members also depended on the nobility.
Since the middle of the 16th century, Songhai has been rapidly weakening. The ruler's relatives, holding high positions, conspired; the influential Muslim nobility in the cities had little respect for the rulers. The outbreak of internecine wars led the state into decline. At the end of the 16th century, Songhai was defeated by the troops of the Sultan of Morocco.
rice. Work in the field

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East Africa

In ancient times, in the north of what is now Ethiopia, there was the state of Aksum, which flourished in the 4th-5th centuries. The coast of South Arabia with caravan routes and part of Eastern Sudan came under the rule of his kings.
photo. Castle in Ethiopia

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Aksum maintained close ties with the Roman Empire and later with Byzantium. The king and his entourage accepted the Christian faith. Writing was created in the country. In the 7th century, the Arabs took possession of Aksum in southern Arabia and then attacked it. The state broke up into separate principalities; the princes waged a fierce struggle for the throne. In the 10th century, Aksum ceased to exist.
photo:
Christian manuscript from Ethiopia
Ethiopian Orthodox Church clergy

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City-states grew on the eastern coast of Africa. Arabs, Iranians, and Indians willingly settled in them. Large ships were built here, and there were many experienced sailors. Merchants from these cities sailed their ships across the Indian Ocean and traded with India, Iran and other Asian countries.
rice. Trade routes

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African culture

The peoples of Africa have preserved ancient legends, traditions and fairy tales, where real events of the past are mixed with fiction. Storytellers carefully preserved these legends and passed them on from generation to generation.
photo. African man in national clothes

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The most significant achievements of medieval culture were among the peoples of Western Sudan. After the spread of Islam, Arab architects built mosques, palaces, and public buildings there.
photo. Mosque in Mali

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Muslim schools arose, and in the city of Timbuktu - a higher school where they studied theology, history, law, mathematics, and astronomy. Scientists created writing based on local languages. Libraries were founded where many handwritten books were stored. Books were sold in shops, and, according to a contemporary, they received “more profit than from other goods.”
photo. Entrance to the mosque in Timbuktu
rice. Tombuktu

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When Moroccan troops conquered Timbuktu and other cities of Sudan, architectural structures and libraries were destroyed. Scientists and artisans were taken into slavery, and almost all of them died on the way through the desert.
rice. Sudan. At the destroyed temple

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Africans had considerable achievements in art. Ancient wooden and bronze sculptures and masks amaze with their expressiveness. Bronze plaques with bas-reliefs (convex images) of kings and nobles, scenes of hunting, war and court life were found in the royal palace in Benin.
photo.Ritual mask

Consolidation

Complete the task.

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Materials used

• Agibalova E.V., Donskoy G.M. History of the Middle Ages 6th grade / textbook for secondary schools. - M.: Education, 2008.
• Illustrations: Devyataikina N.I. History of the Middle Ages: Textbook. 6th grade. Part 1 / Devyataikina N. I. - M.: OLMAPRESS, 2008.

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Kanku Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca

Kanku Musa was the most famous ruler of Mali. His pilgrimage (hajj) to holy places in 1324 became known throughout the Muslim world. On the way, he was accompanied by a retinue of 8 thousand warriors and no less number of slaves; The camels were loaded with up to one hundred packs of gold weighing about 12 tons. In every city where Kanku Musa arrived on Friday, he ordered the construction of a mosque. Even in the center of the Sahara, he feasted on fresh fish, which messengers brought him, and to bathe his beloved wife, they dug a huge pool and filled it with water from wineskins.
Arriving in Cairo, Kanku Musa, without bargaining, paid any price for goods and distributed alms in huge sums. In Mecca, he bought houses and plots of land for black pilgrims. Eventually, Musa's money, accumulated by generations of subjects, ran out, but he was so trusted that a Cairo merchant lent a large sum. The Hajj to Mecca strengthened the authority of the ruler of Mali among Muslims.

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Mayan calendar States and peoples of pre-Columbian America. MAYAN. Prepared by Sukhanova A.E., history and social studies teacher, Municipal budgetary educational institution “Parbig Secondary School”

The Mayans lived in what is now Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Belize from 2600 BC. In the 1500s, Spanish conquistadors conquered the region's native population and destroyed much of its culture. The Mayan books were burned - only a small part of them survived. Following the conquistadors came missionaries of the Roman Catholic Church.

The territory occupied by the Mayan civilization. The border of the Mayan culture is highlighted in red, the territory of Mesoamerican civilization is highlighted in black.

Fresco in Bonampak (ruins of a Mayan city)

mayan warrior priest and mayan warrior

Mayan priests

Architecture The Mayans built palaces and temples in the form of stepped pyramids on high platforms and artificial hills. Some of them were used as tombs of rulers. There were no windows in the buildings, and light and air entered them through doorways. The thick-walled halls and rooms were rarely connected to each other; the entrance to them was only from the outside. The buildings were decorated with statues of gods and reliefs depicting rulers, priests, and military scenes.

Pyramid of the “Wizard” in Uxmal Uxmal is the ruins of a large Mayan city in the north-west of the Yucatan Peninsula, in the territory of the modern Mexican state of Yucatan.

Ruins of the city of Uxmal

Observations of the stars As a result of systematic observations, the Mayan astrologer priests determined with fairly high accuracy the periods of all planets visible to the naked eye. Particular attention was paid to observations of the “Big Star” - Venus (mainly for astrological purposes). In addition to Venus, according to the Mayans, the Moon and shooting stars had a particularly strong influence on people.

Ancient observatory

Aerial view of the center of ancient Palenque Palenque (Spanish Palenque, Mayan Lakam-ha) is the conventional name for the ruins of a large Mayan city in the northeast of the Mexican state of Chiapas.

Mayan Writing The Mayans developed the most advanced writing system in all of pre-Columbian America. Hierographic inscriptions are found in codices, on stone, and ceramics. An example of ancient Mayan hieroglyphics

The Mayans used a base 20 number system. Mayan dates and numbers were deciphered in the 1800s. However, the key to writing began to become clear only in the 1950s.

Sources Internet http://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/slovo/mayan-indeans.html http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000102 /st098.shtml http://mayax.ru/ http://blogs.privet.ru/community/gernov51/40963706 http://www.kazunitrade.ru/history/179-majja.html

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Africa in the Middle Ages.

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1.Occupations of the population. 2.Powerful states. 3.East Africa. 4.Art.

LESSON PLAN.

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Why did African states lag behind European countries in their development?

Lesson assignment.

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1.Occupations of the population.

The peoples of Africa developed unevenly. In the center of the continent lived pygmies and bushmen who were engaged in hunting and gathering. The inhabitants of the Sahara raised livestock, and in the oases they cultivated the land, growing millet, rice, cotton, coconut palms, sugar cane and doing crafts.

Berbers are the indigenous people of Northwest Africa.

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Between the rivers of Niger and Sudan, the cities of Tom Buktu, Gao, and Djenne arose. The population was engaged in agriculture and gold mining. Trade routes from the Mediterranean Sea to the Gulf of Guinea passed through Sudan. The Sudanese collected duties from the caravans, and then engaged in trade themselves.

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2.Powerful states.

The most ancient state of Sudan was Ghana. Its kings, having become rich from trading in gold and salt, maintained a large army and conquered their neighbors. The capital of Ghana was a large city with palaces, mosques and markets. In the 11th century, Ghana was captured by the Moroccans. But soon their yoke was thrown off, and the country submitted to Mali. In the 13th century, the ruler of Mali converted to Islam. Warriors began to receive land plots from him, on the terms of collecting taxes from the population. But soon the state weakened

Territory of Mali.

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In the 15th century The Songhai state became stronger. Ali Ber built a powerful river fleet and annexed Djenne and Timbuktu. Having converted to Islam, he built several mosques. Feudal relations developed in Songhai, but in the 16th century the state weakened. As a result of civil strife, the country became easy prey for the Moroccans. On the coast of the Gulf of Guinea there were Benin, Congo and Angola.

Mosque in Djenne.

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3.East Africa.

In the 4th-5th centuries, the state of Aksum existed on the territory of the Horn of Africa. It traded with Rome and Byzantium. The nobility of Aksum converted to Christianity. In the 7th century, after the invasion of the Arabs, Aksum fell apart, and Arabs, Indians, and Iranians settled on its territory. East Africa became an important trading center.

African trade routes.

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4.Art.

The peoples of Africa created and preserved a special culture. Fairy tales and legends were passed down from generation to generation. Mosques and palaces were erected in Sudan. A higher school operated in Tom Buktu, where they studied mathematics, history, astronomy, other sciences and libraries. In art, Africans reached heights in the processing of bronze and wood; they carved everyday and historical scenes.

Timbuktu. Modern drawing.